Surface analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Surface investigation - Assignment Example These particles on impact unstick iotas from the surface making auxiliary particles. Utilizing a mix of electrostatic and attractive fields which recognizes the particles on the mass to charge proportion, these auxiliary particles are brought into a mass spectrometer. By shifting the quality of the attractive field one can survey particles of various mass to charge proportions. (Surface Analysis, 2000) Some of the uses of SIMS incorporate (I) Identifying the isotopes in a material that may have same nuclear masses as it is fit for creating mass goals to tune of 7000. (ii) It is equipped for discovering the degree of polluting influence fixation present in an example and speaks to equivalent to a component of profundity. The affectability of this instrument is in the scope of 1 ppb (- 10^13 at/cm^3) (iii) It can precisely delineate interface layers and the polluting influences that might be situated at these grain limits. (iv) It utilizes the raster examining procedure to deliver thre e dimensional pictures of the grain dispersion. (v) Using the auxiliary particles it can legitimately deliver a picture demonstrating the course of action of follow components. Source: Surface Analysis, 2000 2. ... A portion of the utilizations of AES incorporate (I) This is utilized to recognize pieces of components in strong materials with high yield sensitivities in the scope of 0.5 nuclear percent for lithium to uranium. (ii) This is helpful in completing the volumetric examination of an example. (iii) This is equipped for creating amplified pictures to the tune of 20000x and is utilized broadly in microelectronics. 3. X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) (Surface Analysis, 2000) This propelled method utilizes x beams in dislodging electrons from examples and these have unmistakable active energies relying upon the idea of discharged electrons. It is especially valuable in giving data in regards to the kind of bonds that exist between electrons. This is on the grounds that any adjustment in restricting vitality is reflected in the XPS range diagram which shows peaks and troughs. The peaks clearly mirror the high concoction boding vitality that existed and the troughs the other way around. Its applications incorporate (I) Determining sub-atomic sythesis of surfaces alongside data with respect to the nuclear holding. (ii) It can recognize precisely to the tune of 0.5 nuclear % the nearness of lithium and uranium. (iii) This can make profundity profiles for materials in the scope of 1â µm thickness. (iv) This strategy for investigation is especially valuable to consider utilitarian gatherings in polymers. 4. Examining Probe Microscopy (SPM) This is additionally alluded to as Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). This is equipped for producing a profile that shows the land idea of the example surface. Schematic of nuclear power magnifying instrument activity Source: Surface Analysis, 2000 This basically comprises of a tip mounted on a cantilever. The example is set beneath this cantilever and

The Sustainability Of The South African Coastal Environmental Sciences Essay

The supportability of South Africa ‘s seaside frameworks is at peril because of many loaning elements and South Africa as a state has made a move. Manageability is the capacity to procure or use the asset without doing exhaustion or enduring damage. South Africa needs to point the occupations and set without hesitation the Torahs that will ensure the supportability of South Africa ‘s beach front environments and assets. The South African coastline extends for around 3000 kilometer from the north-west adust limit line with Namibia, around the Cape to the blasting Eastern St Lucia estuaries close to the Mozambique limit line. The coastline is rough and presented to high moving edge vitality. For a large portion of the twelvemonth, there are air flows along the beach. South Africa ‘s east beach is portrayed by relatively warm H2O, while the West coastline has colder Atlantic H2O. In the South, middle temperatures are winning. The wholesome rich Waterss off the south West beach bolster inexhaustible marine life while a littler proportion of fish however a more noteworthy assorted variety of species can be situated off the E coastline. These accessible assets offer possibilities for South Africa ‘s from this point forward turn of events, both socially and monetarily. In the same way as other different states, South Africa is going dynamically discerning of the significance of the best possible heading of marine assets. Extraordinary power per unit territory is being set on the seas by calculating vass that can simple turn up and get large totals of fish. As a rule, marine life, other than food fish, is being trapped in the angling cyberspaces and this is holding a negative effect on the maintainability of South Africa ‘s marine assets. Angling is an essential monetary action in South Africa. The interest for assets has brought about fish stocks being over collected. The exhaustion of these assets has and will hold unpleasant impacts for the networks relying upon them and the South African financial framework when all is said in done. Provincial nations where the networks depend on the use of marine assets for their means have expanded power per unit region on these marine beginnings through the reap home of fish, mussels, crawfish and ear-s hell and in this way hold added to the power per unit region on assets. Each twelvemonth, around 4000 boats pass the Cape of Good Hope. Because of the famously awful conditions along the Cape coastline, the danger of marine contamination increments, curiously from oil oilers. Because of the high figure of remote boats dispatching their counterweight H2O in South African ports, a figure of outside obtrusive Marine creatures have been brought into the South Africa beach front Waterss. These obtrusive creatures are supplanting autochthonal creatures, in this way puting most extreme power per unit region on autochthonal creatures which could at long last result in the autochthonal creatures disappearing from the South African beach line entirely. The individual most prominent endorser of ecological adjustment in the beach front zone of South Africa is populace developing and related turn of events. A significant part of the state ‘s beach front advancement rotates around seven major business ports including Cape Town, Durban and Richards Bay. The modification in waterfront land utilization, through urban intrusion, outcomes in estuaries being put under ecological strain from the environing land based home grounds. This strain every now and again outcomes in the end of the estuaries and the disability of marine H2O quality, which expands human health risks on account of sewerage, storm H2O and other wastewater being released into the estuaries. There are around 63 outflowing commercial foundations situated along the South African coastline. These trade foundations day by day release a major volume of sewage and mechanical waste into the ocean. This causes washing H2O and marine creatures, for example, shrimps and mussels to go debased. Already, there were army commonplace seaside advancement approaches in topographic point in South Africa. This brought about an uneffective plan. In add-on, numerous workplaces were under staffed and underfunded which brought about confounded and conflicting assaults to waterfront zone bearing. This was exacerbated by the hold in O.K.ing backing to pull off negative effects on the waterfront zone including the release of untreated sewerage along the shoreline. Despite the fact that there has been broadened research of South Africa ‘s beach front and marine frameworks, there are as yet numerous nations which have non yet been looked into and which have brought about numerous spreads in the logical anxiety of these frameworks. A great part of the bing data identifies with piscaries including estuarial environment. Be that as it may, and despite the fact that the change in seaside land use is affected on gravely through urban intrusion, this nation of research is as yet hesitating behind. Marine jewel removal along the west beach of South Africa is being attempted, in curious between the Orange River oral depression and Lambert ‘s Bay. This unearthing disturbs the seabed consequently upseting the bing home grounds of marine life. This break takes decennaries to recover and it is obscure whether these home grounds ever come back to their unique region. Diggers along the east coastline of South Africa other than mine a figure of substantial metals, for example, Ti. This removal impacts contrarily on and upset the sand rises frameworks and estuaries. In impossible to miss, the damming of laguna H2O by the excavators unfavorably influences fish and shellfish in the lagunas. South African ‘s obligation and execution of approaches to secure its beach front and Marine frameworks has truly been divided. Be that as it may, and over the past figure of mature ages, it has presented ecological rule law and strategies which have brought about new Torahs to expand the usefulness and supportability of the South African beach front and marine frameworks. These Torahs and approaches were presented as a result of worldwide lawful obligations put on South Africa and South Africa perceiving that it has a capable capacity to play toward the path and utilization of its coastline and marine frameworks. The Torahs that have been presented consequently require increasingly efficacious and proficient heading of the beach and marine frameworks. Remembered for the new Torahs which have been presented, South Africa declared the National Environmental ; Integrated Coastal Management Act that became statute in December 2009. This statute is devoted to guaranting the support ability of South Africa ‘s beach front and marine frameworks. The demonstration other than makes notice to composed and fuse bearing of the waterfront zones, and the sparing, security and expansion of beach front open possessions. Aside from the waterfront heading stairss, which have been taken, the Government of South Africa has set up an estuarine research and bearing unit to propel the course of estuarial frameworks in South Africa. As the control of contamination adrift is other than an of import feature of proceeding with the seaside and marine frameworks in South Africa, South Africa has followed worldwide propensities and acquainted resolution law with order contamination adrift. This resolution law has been reached out to incorporate an oil spillage program for the South African coastline to ensure that in case of there being an oil slick, that the individuals who are liable for engaging oil slicks along the beach, are acceptable set to make so. Last, the United Nation s Law of the Sea Convention enables South Africa to order all exercises inside its sole monetary zone. This law helps South Africa in cut bringing down the conceivable risk of contamination along its coastline as it has the sole and sole approval to tweak exercises inside this zone. South Africa needs to make a move and do sure that many follow and keep the Torahs put in topographic point Through the execution and requirement of Torahs, South Africa will have the option to bring down the risk of its manageability of seaside assets and assurance the security of the state ‘s advancement.

In Memory of Sean Collier

In Memory of Sean Collier Today, MIT dedicated a memorial to  Officer Sean Collier, who was killed in the line of duty by the Tsarnaev brothers  on April 18th, 2013. Sean was a beloved campus police officer, a  member of the MIT Outing Club, and  part of the MIT family. It is not the first memorial dedicated to Sean on campus. Last April, under cover of night, students installed Colliers Cranes, a hack of thousands of paper cranes hung suspended inside the Stata Center by the entrance near where Sean was killed. The memorial unveiled today is, however, the most permanent. Assembled out of 32 blocks of granite, carved from the New Hampshire quarries near which he loved to climb, this memorial to Sean will last as long as MIT does. Maybe it will last longer. This is a very difficult subject for me to write about, so I am going to stop and let you read a description of the memorial written by Professor J. Meejin Yoon, Head of the Department of Architecture at MIT and lead architect of the Collier Memorial. I will close with this: when I ran the Boston Marathon last Monday for Team MR8  in memory of my friend Martin Richard,  who was killed in the bombing two years ago, I also ran it for Sean. Professor Yoon: Situated on MIT’s campus where Officer Sean Collier was shot and killed on April 18, 2013, the Collier Memorial marks the site with a timeless structureâ€"translating the phrase Collier Strong into a space of remembrance through a form that embodies the concept of strength through unity. The memorial is composed of 32 solid blocks of granite that form a five-way stone vault, each block supporting the other to create a central covered space for reflection. Inspired by the gesture of an open hand, the memorial’s five-way shallow stone vault is buttressed by five radial walls that extend outward to the campus. The ovoid space at the intersection of the extending walls creates a passage, a marker, and an aperture, reframing the site of tragic loss. The intersection of the star-shaped extrusion and ovoid space creates a smooth curved surface that acts as a bevel marker under the vault with the inscription, In the line of duty, Sean Collier, April 18, 2013. The longest walls shelter the site from Vassar Street while the void creates an entry into the memorial. The two most acute walls point toward the specific location where Officer Collier was shot in the line of duty. Carved into the south-facing wall is an epitaph from Sean’s brother’s eulogy: Live long like he would. Big hearts, big smiles, big service, all love. Amidst the solid stone memorial are a cluster of honey locust trees that create a living canopy above the structure to mark the passage of time. In contrast, point lights set into the pavers permanently inscribe into the ground the constellation of stars in the sky the night of April 18, 2013. The design of the memorial combines age-old structural techniques for spanning masonry vaults with new digital fabrication and structural computation technologies to create an unprecedented form. The stone arch is among the most elemental of structural organizations, ordering materials in space and translating force into form. The design relies on the exact fit of the 32 stone blocks to transfer loads in pure compression from stone to stone. The shallowness of the massive stone vault overhead creates an effect of suspension and weightlessness, while the tapered geometry of the individual stone blocks that form the compression ring reveals the keystone geometry of the masonry arch. The fabrication process involved the cutting of quarried blocks of stone, first with a single-axis robotic block saw, then with a multiple-axis KUKA 500 robot. The vault geometry necessitates a perfect fit between blocks, and the robotic milling process produced final stone pieces that are within a 0.5 millimeter tolerance. The massive stone blocks were then set by masons through an elaborate scaffolding sequence. The design showcases new digital fabrication methods, as well as traditional stone setting masonry techniques, celebrating both contemporary technology and timeless craft. Methodologically, the design process for the Sean Collier Memorial involved a back-and-forth process between the construction of physical models (foam, wood, stone, and 3d-printed powder) and simulations with digital tools. The vaulted design of the Sean Collier Memorial embodies structural principles in its material configuration and symbolizes generosity as service. This didactic visualization of forces is consistent with MIT’s ethos of openness and transparency, while the idea that all five walls are needed to achieve a stable form is symbolic of a community coalescing to commemorate a loss. The permanent Collier Memorial will offer our community the opportunity to remember Officer Collier’s life and to honor his service as it reminds us of our values: openness in the face of threat, unity through diversity, and strength through community. All images courtesy of MIT News

Analysis Of George Orwell s The First Place - 1449 Words

The main purpose of an exposition is to bring out the relationship between the book and law. It not only takes into consideration the laws that are coded, but also the basic and natural laws that govern our everyday lives. This part shall highlight the reasons as to why the novel was written in the first place. It shall answer questions like why did the author bother to pick up a pen, articulate his thoughts into words, and take time to write such a lengthy piece in an organised manner. This part calls for exploration and asks the reader to delve into the intricacies of the thought process and beliefs of the author. It is said that George Orwell underwent a huge deal of trouble, not only mentally, but physically as well, during the period†¦show more content†¦First I spent five years in an unsuitable profession (The Indian Imperial Police, in Burma), and then I underwent poverty and the sense of failure. This increased my natural hatred of authority and made me for the first time fully aware of the existence of the working classes, and the job in Burma had given me some understanding of the nature of imperialism: but these experiences were not enough to give me an accurate political orientation. Then came Hitler, the Spanish Civil War, etc. By the end of 1935 I had still failed to reach a firm decision. The Spanish war and other events in 1936-37 turned the scale and thereafter I knew where I stood. Every line of serious work that I have written since 1936 has been written, directly or indirectly, against totalitarianism and for democratic socialism, as I understand it. It seems to me n onsense, in a period like our own, to think that one can avoid writing of such subjects. Everyone writes of them in one guise or another. It is simply a question of which side one takes and what approach one follows. And the more one is conscious of one s political bias, the more chance one has of acting politically without sacrificing one s aesthetic and intellectual integrity. ...I write because there is some lie that I want to expose, some fact to which I want to draw attention, and my initial concern is to get a hearing. ...Of late years I have tried to write less picturesquely and more exactly. ANIMAL FARM was the first book in

The Well Of Loneliness By Radclyffe Hall - 1383 Words

The Well of Loneliness by Radclyffe Hall is a (recently dubbed) lesbian novel that tells the story of Stephen, a sexual â€Å"invert† whose struggle with gender identity surfaces from a young age. In the novel, Stephen’s father, Sir Phillip, studies the theory of the â€Å"invert† of Karl Heinrich Ulrichs in order to understand Stephen’s internal conflict. Although the term â€Å"invert† has, since its use in the 1920’s, been extinct, an attempt to apply the term to Stephen’s issues of gender identity proves that she was not in fact an invert, but rather a woman, who loved women, and who enjoyed the attire and hobbies that are traditionally considered masculine. It seems as though Hall is not directly defining Stephen as an invert, but rather showing her readers that the lack of a more diverse and expanded discussion on gender identity has a detrimental effect on people who do not fit into the traditional sex-gender categories. In The Well of Loneliness, Stephen’s father refers to the works of Ulrichs to learn more about his daughter’s struggle as an â€Å"invert†. Ulrich’s concept of the â€Å"invert† explains that an invert is result of inverted gender identity. This occurs when a person of one sex finds himself or herself stuck in the body of the opposite gender. Stephen, however, does not seem to possess all the characteristics of an invert. Yes, she possess masculine likes and dislikes, but she does not express a desire to be fully male, only a wish to be able to freely behave and presentShow MoreRelatedThe Well Of Loneliness By Radclyffe Hall And Rubyfruit Jungle By Rita Mae Brown Essay1505 Words   |  7 Pagesbecause not everything is accomplished all at once. Although â€Å"The Well of Loneliness† by Radclyffe Hall and â€Å"Rubyfruit Jungle† by Rita Mae Brown, are two starkly different texts that strongly reflect the feminist eras in which they were writ ten, they have some similarities as well. One of the most obvious differences is the treatment of female sexuality and the female body. In â€Å"The Well of Loneliness†, this subject is almost nonexistent. The only time anything concerning

How Contract Breaches Affect Businesses Free Essays

A contract is an agreement between two parties, each agreeing to do or forbear from doing something. A contract, if properly formed, is legally binding and all parties to a contract are required to perform their respective obligations under the contract, failing which legal action can be taken. A failure or refusal to perform one’s obligations under the contract will be called a â€Å"breach† of the contract. We will write a custom essay sample on How Contract Breaches Affect Businesses or any similar topic only for you Order Now Contract breaches have wide ranging consequences both legal and practical to the parties to the contract. This article will address the various effects that contract breaches will have on businesses. Some of them are set out below:- (a) Injury to reputation – It is not good for a business’ reputation if word gets out that they have not honored their part of the contract. Other companies will be reluctant to do business with an entity which has previously defaulted on other contracts, especially when the default can be seen to be intentional or as part of a sharp business practice. The injury to reputation can be incalculable and can have long lasting effects on the company getting new business. (b) Events of default – Sometimes breaching a contract, especially if it involves payment of money, can expose you to legal action including insolvency proceedings. These will often trigger the â€Å"event of default† clause in a lot of commercial contracts, especially those involving financial institutions. This will of course have dire consequences and can affect the smooth operation of one’s business in the event an â€Å"event of default† clause is triggered. This of course goes without saying. (c) Legal fees – Breaches of contract, if serious enough, will often lead to litigation and dispute. It is no secret that legal fees can be exorbitant especially when the subject matter at stake runs into the millions. It is therefore important for all parties to involve to think carefully and try to avoid breaches of contract as the price you will pay to remedy the situation will far outweigh any good you can possibly receive from an intentional breach. d) Damage to relationship – It goes without saying that a breach of contract, especially intentional, will sour the relationship between the contracting parties. As it is often said, you should never burn your bridges and having a bad relationship with a commercial partner will not do well for one’s business and should be avoided at all costs. At the end of the day it is common knowledge that contract breaches bring nothing but negative consequences, and as far as possible, parties should try to stick to their contract obligations to the best of their ability. How to cite How Contract Breaches Affect Businesses, Papers

Wine of Astonishment free essay sample

The origins and early development of the Spiritual Shouter Baptist Religion in Trinidad and Tobago are not well known but the consensus is the religion developed among the people of African descent during the Nineteenth Century. It can be found throughout the Caribbean under various names but according to Gibbs de Peza (10), the name Spiritual Shouter Baptist is indigenous to Trinidad and Tobago. It is a unique religion, comprising elements of Protestant Christianity and African doctrines and rituals. It is also one of the few religions indigenous to Trinidad and Tobago. The term Shouter was given to the Baptists because of their tendency to shout, clap and sing loudly during their religious services. It was a derogatory term imposed on them by mainstream society. During their fight to have the Shouters Prohibition Ordinance repealed, the Baptists decided to use the term Spiritual Baptists instead of Shouter Baptists, in an effort to gain respect for their religion. We will write a custom essay sample on Wine of Astonishment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There are four theories that place the roots of the Spiritual Shouter Baptist Religion in Africa, Britain, North America and St. Vincent.The first theory suggests that certain practices of the Spiritual Shouter Baptist Faith can be traced directly to Africa – however this theory is not well documented. While researchers agree on Africa, there is some dispute as to where in Africa. Some religious practices of the Spiritual Shouter Baptist Faith have been identified as being similar to that of Peoples or former Kingdoms in West Africa – particularly the Dahomey People (now situated in Benin), the Kongo People (now in Republic of Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo and part of Angola) and the Yoruba People (now primarily in Nigeria, Benin, Ghana and Togo.Another segment of the influx of new settlers in 1797 was a group of former American Slaves who had supported Britain during the American War of Independence. They were rewarded for their loyalty with their freedom and grants of land in South Trinidad. They formed â€Å"Company Villages† that were named after the military companies in which they had served, for example, â€Å"Fifth Company, Moruga† (Henry, 2003). These settlers brought their Baptist faith with them and influenced the development of the indigenous Spiritual Shouter Baptist Faith.Viola Gopaul-Whittington (12) has stated anothe r theory that suggests the roots of the Spiritual Shouter Baptists can be found in the migration of fundamental Protestants, known as â€Å"Shakersâ€Å", from St. Vincent to Trinidad during the early part of the twentieth century. This explains the origins of the four Baptist groups in Trinidad and Tobago – the London Baptists, the Independent Baptists, the Fundamental Baptists and the Spiritual Shouter Baptists. Although the origins of the Spiritual Shouter Baptist Faith in Trinidad and Tobago can be traced to foreign countries, it has evolved over time to become a unique, indigenous religion.It has managed to fuse the spontaneity and rhythms of Africa with the restrained, traditional tenets of Christianity to produce a religion that is vibrant, expressive and dynamic. PROHIBITION From 1917 to 1951 the Spiritual and Shouter Baptist faith was banned in Trinidad by the colonial government of the day. The legislation to enact this ban was called the Shouters Prohibition Ordinance and it was passed on 16 November 1917. The reason given for the ordinance was that the Shouters made too much noise with their loud singing and bell ringing and disturbed the peace.During worship, participants danced, shouted, s hook and fell to the ground in convulsions. Such behaviour was deemed unseemly by the more traditional and conservative elements in the society. Also, the established churches regarded such behaviour as heathen and barbaric. Furthermore, they were concerned about the large number of people who were leaving the traditional churches to join the Spiritual Baptist faith. The police, who had been persecuting the Baptists for several years, also wanted them silenced.Although not said openly, the real reason for the antagonism towards the Baptists was that many of their practices were of African origin. Things African were associated with the shame and degradation of slavery and a large part of the population of Trinidad did not want to be reminded of this. Hence the strong lobbying to have the religion banned. In the end, the colonial government responded to the complaints of the taxpayers, landowners and police by passing the Shouters Prohibition Ordinance. Those thirty-four years of prohibition were difficult for the Spiritual and Shouter Baptists.The ordinance forbid them from erecting or maintaining any â€Å"Shouter House† or from holding meetings. Estate managers and owners were required to report any meetings to the police, and the police were authorized to enter a building where a meeting was being held without a warrant. (See full-text of Ordinance). Worshipers were arrested, beaten and jailed if they were caught practising their religion. They had to flee to the hills and forests to practise their religion. Even then, the police still pursued and brutalized them.Nevertheless the Spiritual and Shouter Baptists survived. During the 1920s and 1930s, the Baptists fought many court battles and tried to counteract the negative perceptions of their faith. It was only when Tubal Uriah â€Å"Buzz† Butler emerged as a labour leader that attitudes towards the Baptists gradually began to change. Butler himself was a devoted Baptist and controversial figure. His public meetings were reminiscent of a Baptist prayer meeting. His prominence gave the religion some legitimacy although he too was jailed for his political and religious beliefs. During the 1940s a new leader emerged to champion the Baptists’ cause. Grenadian-born Elton George Griffith started a campaign to have the Shouters Prohibition Ordinance repealed. Under his leadership the numerous independent Baptist Churches formed the West Indian Evangelical Spiritual Baptist Faith. In 1940, as a united body, they presented a petition to the Legislative Council asking for the Ordinance to be repealed. It was not granted but a few years later Albert Gomes asked the Council to appoint a committee to look into a repeal of the 1917 Ordinance.