Global Climate Change The Global Warming - 1472 Words

The Global Climate Change Currently when human life is growing, human activities impact on the environment and climate to lead to global climate change. Climate change is a problem of the whole world, and that is the big challenge for human kind. So what is climate change? Evolution of how it? Climate change is the change of weather, climate, may be due to human or natural causes. The specific expression that we often hear about is the phenomenon does not stop warming the earth, the greenhouse effect, melting ice. Environment includes all factors abiotic and biotic impacts, affecting directly or indirectly the health and life of humans. Therefore, each of us needs to realize and understand that environmental protection is to protect our lives. Nowadays, people with the invention of modern science and technology, there are more devoted to humanity, but the effect it has little impact on the environment such as air pollution, water pollution, noise pollution ... man himself is quietly changing climate without knowing. From about 100 years of human impact on this sensitive balance between the natural greenhouse effect and solar radiation. The change in the concentration of greenhouse gases over the past 100 years. Climate change is the change in the Earth s climate system, including the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere, lithosphere present and future by natural causes and man-made. According to research by scientists in the world, climate change has occurred on a globalShow MoreRelatedGlobal Warming : A Global Climate Change1457 Words   |  6 Pageshappened by global warming like, increasing the temperature degrees, and melting the snow mountains around the word. However, global warming has played a major role in changing the weather all over the world. The climate change all over the world is a proof that the weather conditions are changing. Global warming has made some of the hottest land cold now and the countries that never had a summer in millenniums are now having sunlight regularly. These are the basic changes that signify that global warmingRead MoreGlobal Warming : Global Climate Change1209 Words   |  5 PagesBrooke Bogan Carol Dale, M.Ed. 1301 Dual Credit English IV November 4, 2015 WA #6- Global Climate Change Global climate change is a topic that had been hotly debated across the country for years. Though not many people believe it, scientists have proved the global warming is in fact partly caused by man. The greenhouse effect is gradually increasing the temperature of the earth because humans are constantly burning natural gases and oils, greenhouse gases being trapped in the atmosphere, deforestationRead MoreGlobal Warming And Global Climate Change1354 Words   |  6 PagesIt is becoming a less and less contested issue that global climate change is a significant issue. When the idea of global warming first burst onto the main stage in the late 20th century, a majority of Americans were skeptical. Many of the predictions that the original scientists made proved to be incorrect, and often the scientific methods the scientists used were faulty. Since the early stages though, the science behind global climate change has gotten better. We now have more data and better modelsRead MoreGlobal Warming And Global Climate Change1139 Words   |  5 Pages The topic of global climate change has been a much debated topic over the years. There is no real scientific consensus on global warming. However, much destruction has happened to the earth that questions the scientific or empirical link between extreme weather and global climate change. There are a lot of events that happens around the globe such as floods, increased precipitation, sea-level rise, and hurricanes that questions the theory of global climate change. Without any clear cut evidenceRead MoreGlobal Warming And Global Climate Change1531 Words   |  7 PagesIn the last twenty years, the issues surrounding global climate change have become increasingly dominant in the international community, as the implications associated with the global issue pose many threats to the environment and humanity as a whole. Beginning in the 1970’s, scientific research regarding pollution led scientists to discover that chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s) where destroying the ozone layer , posing threats to plant and animal life, and humans as a rise in skin cancer followed. LuckilyRead MoreGlobal Climate Change : The Global Warming1633 Words   |  7 PagesThe Global Climate Change Currently, when human life is growing, human activities play an impact on the environment and climate, which leads to global climate change. Climate change is a problem of the whole world, and therefore remains a huge challenge for life on Earth. So what is climate change? Evolution of how it change? Climate change is caused by natural causes or by humans which possibly fluctuates the cycle of change in weather and climate. The specific expression that we often hear aboutRead MoreGlobal Climate Change And Global Warming1054 Words   |  5 Pagesreally isn t much of a secret that global climate change is happening. From the melting of the polar ice caps, to record severe temperatures, rise in natural disasters, rise in pollution, greater number of vector-borne and water borne illnesses, and much more. Unless there is something done to change the current technology being used to provide energy to the human population global climate change will only continue to get worse. Climate chang e is the biggest global health threat of the 21st centuryRead MoreGlobal Warming And Global Climate Change1565 Words   |  7 PagesGlobal warming and global climate change has been a consistent news headline and global topic for the past two decades. From a political standpoint, there has been great debate as to whether or not humans are completely to blame, partially to blame, or to blame at all for the changes we are seeing in the Earth’s climate. However, from a scientific perspective, this is not the case. From the Kyoto Protocol, to dummy-downed explanation like in Al Gore’s â€Å"An Inconvenient Truth†, to NASA’s comprehensiveRead MoreGlobal Warming And Global Climate Change Essay1589 Words   |  7 Pagesdata necessary to identify Amazon’s global carbon emissions. The Earth’s climate has been rapidly warming for the past several decades due to the burning of fossil fuels, with the subsequent release of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases (GHG). Global climate change has already caused glaciers and sea ice to melt, plant and animal ranges to shift, sea level rise to accelerate, oceans to acidify, and droughts and heat waves to intensify. Indeed, climate change can be considered to be the main threatRead MoreGlobal Warming And Climate Change974 Words   |  4 Pagesabout global warming, whether it is true or false. Is there evidence to prove that global warming has impacted the climate due to the rise in the earth’s temperature? Climate change is a problem that is worldwide that should be reviewed. The rise in the earth’s temperature has caused some impact to the weather and climate changes to many places worldwide. This rise in temperature has the potential of causing drastic changes to the earth in many ways. It is time to view the global warming concerns

The Constitutions of The World Free Essays

In Constitutional Identity, G. J. Jacobsohn classifies the constitutions of the world into two categories. We will write a custom essay sample on The Constitutions of The World or any similar topic only for you Order Now The first category is of transformative constitutions and the second category is of preservative constitutions. While a transformative or ‘militant’ constitution seeks to change the prevailing social structure, a preservative or ‘acquiescent’ constitution seeks to maintain the status quo. Using Jacobsohn’s classification, the Constitution of India would clearly be placed under the transformative category. This is due to the fact that the intention of the Parliament while drafting the Constitution was to bring about ‘social revolution’ in the country. This claim is further substantiated by the deliberate omission of any allusion to the law on family. It was intended that matters related to family would be the domain of state to facilitate reform in the law. Thus, most changes in laws governing family, flow from the state in the form of amendments and statutes, which are enacted to transform the society into one with more progressive values. An eminent example is the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, which converted Hindu Marriage from ‘sacrament’ to a ‘contract’. Nonetheless, reform needs to take place with regard to the prevailing values in society and make allowance for the demands of several cultures in a diverse country like India. In pursuance of the same, Article 44 which was the demand to evolve a Uniform Civil Code, to govern the personal laws of every religion, was placed in the Constitution as a Directive Principle of State Policy. These Directive Principles are goals that the government should keep in mind while it formulates policy. Article 44 reads: â€Å"The state shall endeavour to secure for the citizens a uniform civil code throughout the territory of India†However, courts too have played an important role in governing society through family. Apart from upholding the law, they have also tackled grey areas, resolved conflicting situations through reconciliation of different statues on the same subject and filled the lacunae. Illegalization of unlimited polygamy for Hindus, thus was, an important example of the positive influence of courts. This was taken further when conversion for the purpose of committing bigamy was also illegalized in Sarla Mudgal v. Union of India (hereinafter, ‘Sarla Mudgal’) and later upheld in Lily Thomas v. Union of India (hereinafter, ‘Lily Thomas’).The Sarla Mudgal CaseThe petitioner in this case was married for some year with three children from the wedding when she found out that her husband had contracted a second marriage with another woman, after converting to Islam. Her husband converted for the sole purpose of contracting a second marriage and ensuring that the provisions of Section 494 of the Indian Penal Code were not attracted. He argued, however, that Islam allowed for limited polygamy – four wives – thus, he could marry a second time even though his first wife remained a Hindu. The court held that marriage under the personal laws of one religion (here Hinduism) could not be taken to court for dissolution under the law of another different religion (here Islam) even if one of the parties embraced another different religion. This is because such a rule would violate the rights of the first spouse. However, the second marriage would be void because this very reason – that the first marriage subsisted, even after conversion of the spouse.Facts of the Lily Thomas CaseThe Writ Petition was filed by Smt. Sushmita Ghosh who had married Shri G. C. Ghosh in 1984 in accordance with Hindu rites. G. C. Ghosh had converted to Islam in 1992 and informed his wife of the change in religion. He stated that he wanted to marry Miss Vanita Gupta and so she should agree to a divorce by mutual consent. Change in religion is an accepted ground for divorce under section 13 of the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955. Smt. Sushmita Ghosh did not want a divorce and got in touch with her aunt and her father to intervene on her behalf. She, her father and her relative tried to persuade her husband to not go for a divorce. However, his decision remained unchanged. He stated that his wife could either divorce by mutual consent, or she would have to put up with his second wife, Ms. Vanita Gupta. Smt. Sushmita Ghosh was thus left with no alternative but to approach the courts. PETITIONER’S ARGUMENTS Conversion Not Due To FaithThe first point raised by the petitioner, Smt. Sushmita Ghosh is that her husband, Shri G. C. Ghosh, had not converted to Islam a matter of faith, but had done so solely for the purpose of taking in a second wife. While unlimited polygamy was allowed for Hindus, prior to the enactment of the Hindu Marriage Act, it was abolished post 1955. However, limited polygamy is still allowed for the male followers of Islam in India and they can have up to four wives. Thus, it had become commonplace for many male members of the Hindu faith to convert to Islam for the purpose of marrying a second woman, divorcing their first wife and then re-converting back to Hinduism. The re-conversion was to ensure that property interests were not harmed. The petitioner proved this by referring to, firstly, a birth certificate of a son born to G. C. Ghosh from his second wife, wherein, his name appears as â€Å"G. C. Ghosh† and his religion is stated to be â€Å"Hindu†. Moreover, the mother’s (his second wife) name appears as â€Å"Vanita Ghosh† and she too is a â€Å"Hindu†, according to the birth certificate. Secondly, the electoral roll of the constituency indicates the same, as does the respondent’s visa to Bangladesh. In fact, he signed the marriage certificate issued by Mufti Mohd. Tayyeb Qasmi, is signed by him as â€Å"G. C. Ghosh†.Removal of Burden of ProofThe second contention raised was that since the judgment in Sarla Mudgal validated their case, conviction should take place without any need for proof. However, it was held that the conviction could not be made certain based on only a statement of admission made outside the court. This was because the provisions of the Indian Penal Code demanded that proof of not only the first marriage, but also the second marriage. This is still a legal obligation and admission of the marriage by the person being accused of bigamy, is not enough to constitute the requirement. The matrimonial ceremonies needed to be shown. RESPONDENT’S ARGUMENTS Difference with regard to Sarla Mudgal – Article 20(1)It was contended that the law propounded in Sarla Mudgal, would not be applicable to the present case as that case was not related to people whose marriages were solemnized before the judgment pronouncing them void was passed. Even though these marriages would be violative of the law, there could be no retrospective application. The court however, rejected this argument. It said that no new law had been introduced, but the old, existing provisions of the governing statute had been interpreted. It is a rule of law that the interpretation of a provision goes back to the date of that provision and is not, in its nature, prospective. Thus, the second marriage would be declared void and article 21 of the Constitution which states that â€Å"no person shall be convicted of any offence except for violation of a law in force at the time of the commission of the Act charged as an offence, nor be subjected to a penalty greater than that which might have been inflicted under the law in force at the time of the commission of the offence†, would not be affected. Violation of Article 21 and 25The other contention raised by the counsel was that the Sarla Mudgal judgement would be violative of Articles 21 and 25 of the Indian Constitution. In the case of Article 21 which states that â€Å"no person will be deprived of life or liberty except according to the procedure established by law†, the court said that this contention was misconceived. Thus, it would be premature to say that the judgement will result in deprivation of the life or liberty of either of the parties because the Sarla Mudgal judgement neither created a new law, nor changed the procedure for the prosecution.Another contention raised by the respondent was that the judgement would violate Article 25 of the Constitution, which guaranteed the right to freedom of conscience and the right to profess and propagate a religion. However, such an argument does not hold when the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955, explicitly abolished polygamy in the Hindu religion and further, section 17 of the Act made void any marriages if any party had a living spouse, even after the marriage had been solemnised. Freedom guaranteed by the Constitution was to be exercised by individuals, until they encroached upon another’s freedom. Moreover, if the act fitted under section 17 of the Hindu Marriage Act, its penalty was prescribed in section 494 and section 495 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860. The court commented on the contention raised in Sarla Mudgal that â€Å"making a Hindu Convert liable for prosecution would be against Islam†. The court found this argument to be ‘ignorant’ of the nature of the religion of Islam. COURT’S DECISION Applying Natural Justice Further, the court posed that conversion for the purpose of bigamy could not be squared with the principles of natural justice and equity. Natural justice constitutes in procedures or principles that are thought to be wrong, inherently. Here, the court agreed with the view of Justice M. C. Chagla in Robasa Khanum v. Khodadad Irani. The judges were of the opinion that if a man converted to Islam, to take in a second wife, during the subsistence of his first marriage, the effect on both wives would be undesirable. Since the law does not recognize the second marriage as valid, the status of the second wife would be that of a concubine and children born out of that marriage would be considered illegitimate. Though the first marriage will still persist legally, there would be practical problems with it. Necessity of the Uniform Civil Code The need for a Uniform Civil Code was not the primary question addressed by the judges in Lily Thomas, but it was referenced by both the judges in their separate judgments. Various cases discussing the notion of a uniform personal law were also mentioned. After a perusal of some judgments, it was commented by Justice Sahai in a separate judgment, that the Uniform Civil Code was highly desirable. However, the ‘social climate’ of the society needed to be taken into account. Thus, a comprehensive Uniform Civil Code that takes into account all stakeholders and caters to everyone’s interests could only be brought into existence if leaders took the responsibility of bringing about reform by changing the minds of people in their communities. Thus, the matter was assigned to the 18th Law Commission which would examine the feasibility of the Uniform Civil Code, in consonance with the Minorities Commission. The court clarified its stance on Article 44 of the Constitution, affirming that the courts had no jurisdiction whatsoever in giving direction for the implementation of a common Civil Code for personal laws. The Directive Principles of State Policy are not to be enforced by the courts because they do not create rights in favour of any person or persons. They are simply guidelines by the Constitution to the State, which is why they were included in the non-justifiable section by the Sapru Report of 1945. Arguments of the person How to cite The Constitutions of The World, Papers

Coral Reef Pollution Can Hurt Bermudas Tourism Industry free essay sample

Environment and Development in a Global Perspective State of the Environment Report Coral Reef Pollution Can Hurt Bermuda’s Tourism Industry Introduction Waste management techniques in Bermuda have adverse effects on the coral reefs and can hurt the island’s tourism industry. This is a state of the environment report on the islands of Bermuda that serves to shed light on the pollution of the coral reefs due to waste management problems and the subsequent potential adverse effects it can have on the Tourism industry. I actually used to live in Bermuda during the period of 2006 to 2010 so I would like to think that I have gained valuable insight into the social and human development threats that this pollution problem poses to the general population. The tourism industry is the 2nd largest industry in Bermuda and is already in decline so it should be one of the island’s top priorities to maintain or even rebuild tourism to its former self. We will write a custom essay sample on Coral Reef Pollution Can Hurt Bermudas Tourism Industry or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This report consists of three main parts. Firstly, a description of the environmental issues affecting the coral reef communities around the island. Secondly, a description of the human development issues and socioeconomic effects that the degradation of the coral reef community has or will most likely lead to on the island. Lastly, the report explores some proposed remedies for the environmental issues. State of the Environment For over a century, heavy metal waste from the islands of Bermuda has been stored on the shores of a large natural harbor called Castle Harbour. It is located between the north eastern end of the main island and St. David’s island and it just happens to be a mere two hundred meters away from the nearest coral reef community. Most of the waste being dealt with is from the population itself. There are about 67,000 people living on the islands and it is one of the most densely populated areas in the world. (Central Intelligence Agency) All of the country’s solid waste and scrap metal are either dumped at the site in Devonshire to be incinerated or stored at Castle Harbour, also known as the ‘airport dump’. â€Å"Bermuda has been disposing of waste at the airport dump for nearly 40 years with little thought of the impact on the environment,† read a 2010 article in the local newspaper, the Royal Gazette. Bardgett, 2010) Figure 1 shows a portion of the Castle Harbour site and really gives you an appreciation for the proximity of the waste to the water itself. As you can imagine there is not much land flow acting as a buffer before pollutants leach into the ocean. Figure 1. Old cars stacked at the Castle Harbour ‘airport dump. ’ (Bardgett, 2010) In addition to cars, appli ances such as refrigerators release harmful chemicals like anti-freeze and oil into the ocean surrounding the Harbour. These chemicals have already caused irreversible damage to the coral reef and are having a notable effect on the black grouper fish population (Bardgett, 2010). It is worth noting that the coral reef in the area has already been through irreversible sedimentation damage in the past from a dredge and fill operation that occurred 60 years ago. Since the 1970s, there was a decrease in percent cover from 12% (Dryer amp; Logan, 1978) to 2% and is not completely gone only because the brain coral Diploria labyrinthiformis was sediment tolerant (Flood, 2004). In Castle Harbour sedimentation is chronic so this new threat of chemical leakage is a blow to an already wounded environment. Figure 2 shows a brain coral from Castle Harbour that has been damaged by sedimentation. The dimple type formation is characteristic of sediment damage (Flood, 2004). Figure 2. Dimple formations on brain coral affected by sedimentation at Castle Harbour (Flood, 2004). Unfortunately, in addition to the sedimentation and the chemical leaching, the coral reef colonies are also subject to pollution from raw sewage. Bermuda does not have a sewage treatment plant. The island itself is made entirely of limestone, as it is land formed by a now dormant volcano. Households rely on pits dug into the limestone that stores and processes sewage along with used water from sinks and laundry. This mixture eventually reaches the oceans after it percolates through the limestone. Larger structures such as hotels and apartment complexes use pipes to transport waste offshore. According to this report, human sewage might cause the algae on the reef to â€Å"overgrow and shade the corals and eventually kill the reef† (â€Å"Bermuda’s inshore waters,†). Sewage waste that had been dissolved and pumped three miles offshore from Paget Parish in the south has caused a growth surge in marine weeds that choke the slower growing corals. Now this is an ecological imbalance and is currently ongoing so scientists are monitoring it (Jones). Also, the extra nutrients will cause the phytoplankton to grow in numbers and turn the water from crystal clear to green (â€Å"Bermuda’s inshore waters,†). During the summer months an average of 400,000 tourists visit the islands and cruise ships significantly contribute to the amount of sewage produced by the population. Sewage from the City of Hamilton and surrounding areas as well as the cruise ships are disposed of at the Seabright Point submarine sewage outfall. 500,000 to 1,000,000 gallons of raw sewage is discharged every day, at peak flow (â€Å"Seabright point monitoring,†). According to a Pastorok and Bilyard report, the three components of sewage effluent most detrimental to coral communities are nutrients, sediments and toxic substances (Pastorok amp; Bilyard, 1985). Castle Harbour is primarily providing sediments and toxic substances while the nutrients are being pumped about the islands at different locations but mainly from Seabright Point. The same report explained that anthropogenic inputs of dissolved nutrients and organic particulate matter can limit oxygen levels. This is important because it directly affects the marine life in the area that depends on the oxygen. Bermuda’s coral reefs are the most isolated and northern reefs in the Atlantic. It is actually extremely rare to find long distance dispersals by corals to isolated reefs like Bermuda’s. These coral reefs are located just on the outskirts of the environment that it thrives in so it does not have an abundance of different types of coral. The coral species that happen to be there have adapted to the seasonal weather that these higher latitudes bring. However, because there are a limited number of species, the entire reef’s ability to bounce back and respond to environmental change is limited. Therefore, any damage to the coral reefs will have persistent impacts. Related Human Development Issues Besides tourism, there are many ways that coral reef degradation directly impact humans. As mentioned before, coral reefs provide shoreline protection by buffering wave energy and reducing coastal erosion. As they become degraded, they will become weaker and the waves do not only cause more coastal erosion as they get stronger but they also aid in the breaking up of coral so once degradation has begun it tends to be a very slippery slope. Correspondingly, loss of coral reefs means loss of critical habitat for reef fish. Two of Bermuda’s local delicacies are codfish and potatoes, which are traditionally, enjoyed on a Sunday morning and rockfish which is a soft tasty dish that you can find at any restaurant on the island. Both of these fish are directly linked to the coral reefs and a reduction of habitat would mean a reduction in fish to catch. This would negatively affect both food supply and associated economic activities. Finally, coral reefs have pharmaceutical compounds and a degraded one can no longer provide medicinal resources for drugs to treat heart disease, cancer, and other illnesses (â€Å"Socioeconomic impacts,†). Figure 3 shows the different reasons that Bermuda’s coral reef communities are used and their associated values. Figure 3. Total Economic Value (TEV) of Bermuda’s coral community divided into sectors (Sarkis, van Beukering amp; McKenzie, 2010). Figure 4 corresponds with Figure 3 and provides the monetary value of the different sectors that the coral reef community TEV is divided into. Figure 4. Average Annual Value of services provided by Bermuda’s coral reefs (Sarkis, van Beukering amp; McKenzie, 2010). Bermuda’s tourism industry is already struggling but continues to be the 2nd largest industry in Bermuda (Central Intelligence Agency). The economy is primarily based on providing financial services for international business and since Bermuda has the fourth highest income per capita in the world, it’s safe to say that the country is truly affluent (Central Intelligence Agency). However, the wealth in the country is certainly not divided equally as the country’s wealth relies so heavily on these two industries. People with direct influence in the tourism and business community hold the majority of the island’s wealth but the population of locals in this category is very limited because many of the business executives and workforce are expatriates who come to the islands to work for some time and leave. This occurs because of the law in Bermuda that prevents foreigners from ever gaining citizenship and because most of the business is international and would more likely hire their own people for the higher positions. It is also extremely hard to become a resident without marrying a local and foreigners cannot even own land, or buy houses that are under the annual rental value of USD $177, 000 (â€Å"Bermuda residence and,† 2012). This means that the recorded 19% of the entire population that lives under the poverty line is actually a larger percentage of the truly local population. This is an extremely large number of people for a country that has five times the GDP per capita of the USA (Central Intelligence Agency). With jobs and positions in the business market essentially saturated, locals have been obligated to work in the service and hospitality sector where the tourism industry is the major provider of income. It is such a shame that the obvious candidate, the depression, is negatively affecting the industry. With the decline in tourism, a larger gap is being created between the rich and the poor. Also, since the initiative was taken to make the tourism industry a joint effort between the government and the community, a further decline in tourism would directly affect family owned hospitality businesses as well as single person jobs and will undoubtedly increase the percentage of the population living under the poverty line. So it would be even more shameful if the tourism industry were further perturbed by other factors on a local scale such as the pollution of the coral reefs due to poor waste management. Besides marine tourism and aesthetics, tourists mainly come to the island because of its world-renowned ‘pink sand’ beaches. The coral is responsible for the pink sand and clear water and most importantly acts as a buffer for wave action. Therefore, if there is less coral then there will be more coastal erosion and this would truly be detrimental to the beaches and Bermuda’s tourism. Proposed Remedies and Conclusion Now that we have established that the two main problems are the Castle Harbour leaching and the sewage disposal, we can talk about potential solutions. Greg Wilcox, president of Midway Auto Parts in Kansas City, Missouri, visited the island in 2010 with a few of his colleagues and explained that he was surprised at the situation at Castle Harbour because it was something only expected of a third world country (Bardgett, 2010). He is now working with the environmental group Greenrock on an initiative that would benefit all sectors of the community including insurance companies, auto repair shops and the government. In the US there are auto parts recyclers who deal with ‘white material’ and sell the second-hand parts (Bardgett, 2010). Having lived in Bermuda, I know for a fact that there is an abandoned airstrip behind the airport itself that would be a prime location for something of that nature. Transporting the material from Castle Harbour will not be a problem because it is literally across the street. It is already the first thing the tourists see when they get to the island but at least this way it can be contained within warehouses inside a compound and white material can be drained and disposed of properly. For the sewage system problem, the most obvious remedy would be to build a sewage treatment plant. However, because of the linear dispersal of the island it would be very difficult to dig up the roads to lay down sewage lines (Wingate, 2006). The public also are strongly against a sewage treatment plant being anywhere near their houses and in the central district of Hamilton there is hardly any vacant land available. The only option to mitigate the amount of sewage leaking into the ocean would be to upgrade the method of treatment for each household or complex. If the government were to import small-scale self-contained tertiary treatment plants in bulk for each household it will be more affordable (Wingate, 2006). Having said all this, no action will be taken for at least another four years because the Coral Reef Ecology and Optics Lab just launched a five year assessment of the marine environment and coral reef ecosystem in 2012. The assessment is centered on the Seabright Point sewage outfall and is supposed to determine the fate of the sewage as well as the impact on the reef ecosystem (â€Å"Seabright point monitoring,†) Final Word Count: 2416 References: 1. ) Central Intelligence Agency. (2013). The World Factbook: Bermuda. Updated February 13, 2013, Retrieved March 19, 2013, from https://www. cia. gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bd. html 2. ) Bardgett, Robyn. (2010, December 1). Vehicle recyclers visit from US Pollution at airport dump causes concern. The Royal Gazette, Retrieved from http://www. royalgazette. com/article/20101201/NEWS07/712019915 3. ) Pastorok, R. A. , Bilyard, G. R. , 1985. Effects of sewage pollution on coral-reef communities. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 21, 175–189. 4. ) Dryer, S. , Logan, A. , 1978. Holocene reefs and sediments of Castle Harbor, Bermuda. Journal of Marine Research. 36(3), 339–425. 5. ) Flood, V. S. (2004). Coral Community Structure and Patterns of Sedimentation in Castle Harbour Bermuda. Retrieved from http://athenaeum. libs. uga. edu/bitstream/handle/10724/7970/flood_vanese_s_200412_ms. pdf? sequence=1 6. ) Bermudas inshore waters. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. coexploration. org/bbsr/coral/html/body_bermuda_inshore_waters. html 7. Jones, R. (n. d. ). Environmental issues. Retrieved from http://www. moon. com/destinations/bermuda/background/the-land/environmental-issues 8. ) Seabright point monitoring. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. bios. edu/research/projects/seabright 9. ) Socioeconomic impacts. (n. d. ). Retrieved from http://www. reefresilience. org/Toolkit_Coral/C2c2_Socioecon. html 10. ) Sarkis , S. , van Beukering, P. J. H. , amp; McKenzie, E. Bermu da Department of Conservation Services, (2010). Total economic value of bermuda. Retrieved from website: http://www. onservation. bm/coral-reef-economic-valuation/ 11. ) Bermuda residence and property. (2012, November). Retrieved from http://www. lowtax. net/lowtax/html/bermuda/jbrres. html 12. ) Wingate, D. Bermuda Zoological Society, (2006). Conservation in bermuda  (CON-02). Retrieved from website: http://www. gov. bm/portal/server. pt/gateway/PTARGS_0_2_11280_207_227543_43/http;/ptpublisher. gov. bm;7087/publishedcontent/publish/new_min_of_environment/environmental_protection___project_nature_fact_sheets/conservation_in_bermuda_0. pdf

Letters in the color purple analysis Essay Example

Letters in the color purple analysis Paper The color purple opens up with a very threatening command made by her father you better not never tell nobody but god. Itd kill your mammy this of course refers to his abuse of her. This is the first of many letters written by Celie to god. Whom (god) is addressed in a close-friends kind of way(reader might find this a tad heterodox) rather than the accepted view of god . In this first letter Celie turns to god for advice and seeking guidance maybe you can give me a sign . Celie whom we assume is pregnant while writing this letter is 14 and does not understand what is happening to her body . Celies father fonso has turned to her for sexual gratification after her sick mammy has refused to and got her pregnant for the second time he has killed her first baby and sold her second one. Her mother dies and her two babies have been nobbled and she is left with breast full of milk for no one I got breasts full of milk running down myself. Alfonso then looks interested in Celies younger sister, Nettie, but Celie promises that she will protect her. We will write a custom essay sample on Letters in the color purple analysis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Letters in the color purple analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Letters in the color purple analysis specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Alfonso gets remarried to a girl as young as Celie. Nettie meets a man in church who comes around every Sunday and who already has three children of his own (Albert). Celie is beaten by Alfonso for winking at a man, but she writes that she was not winking at any man-if she were going to look at anyone, she writes, it would be a woman because she is not scared of women. Celie felt sorry for her mother because she died trying to believe Alfonso, who had told her that Celies children were not his. Celie then tries to persuade Nettie to marry Mr____ because alphonso is interested in her, she does not tell her why but urges to marry him so that she has one good year out your life. But when Mr. ____ came to ask for Netties hand in marriage alphonso said he cant marry her off to him because he want her to finish her schooling and offers Celie instead and adding her cow in to seal the bargain. Celies step mom finds a picture of Shug Avery and Celie falls in love with her and makes her her idol. I dont believe these first 6 chapters of the novel are the most interesting ones, for they are merely an introduction to the abusive and voice-less life of Celie and none of the biggest characters in the novel have been introduced yet and so offers no way of knowing what will be her fate in life and shows none of the valor Celie owns , the ardour love and passion Shug and Celie will share nor any of the major happenings that are to be the most reminiscent components of the novel. The epistolary, or letter-writing, form of The Color Purple used by Walker is more or less like a diary, since Celie tells her story through private letters that she writes to God. Therefore this allows cellie to express everything that happens and everything she feels with complete candor and honesty. As a victim of an abusive life Celie is forced to live a life of complete disfranchisement and so these letters allow her feelings to be expressed without filtering . Walkers use of Celies own voice allow Walker to describe the life of black women in the south in a sympathetic and realistic way. Unlike how a historian might explain these living conditions which is in an overly antiseptic and overly -analytical way, Celies letters offers a first-person view of these conditions of sexism, incest, and racism. Her words might seem a little senseless and stripped off excess emotion but still seem to reach the readers hearts  we seem to believe that Celie has been numbed and cannot feel the pain the way it should be felt. my mama dead. She die screaming and cussing. She scream at me she cuss at me I think Walker was very successful at this since the reader is left with a multitude of emotions and feelings after reading every letter and being continuously true and corporeal from the beginning to the end.

malthus essays

malthus essays Increase of wealth †¡ Increase of happiness (universal opulence) More demand for labor -†¡ value of labor rises †¡ more funds to share between same number of workers Increase of wealth †¡ No change in the comforts (health, necessaries, conveniences of life) of laboring part of society Comforts of the laboring poor depend upon the increase of the funds destined for the maintenance of labor. If the increase arises only from the manufacturing production, and not from the agricultural production †¡ There will be a distinction between the number of hands which the stock of the society can employ and the number which its territory can maintain. (ex. I) Increase in the price of labor when the stock of provisions remains the same, it is only a nominal rise, because it will be shortly followed by a proportional rise in price of provisions. Increase of the price of labor (only nominal) †¡ no effect on the laboring poor or if there is an effect, it will be rather negative, because most of the poor will worked in unhealthier conditions than before. (in manufactures) Malthus states that importation of provisions would be possible in certain cases, for example: Holland (becauseit is a small country with great inland accommodations for carriage and distribution of provision) Malthus gives examples from England: Manufacturing production increases but not the agricultural production †¡ Wealth of nation advances, but the funds for the maintenance of labor increase very slowly †¡ Condition of the poor does not improve. He claims that the agricultural production has already been decreasing or stationary during the last century. (even if many enclosure of commons and waste lands) 1) Formal corn field have been converted into pasture lands †¡ they now produce smaller quantities of human subsistence. ...

Best Time to Send Email Backed By 14 Data-Driven Studies

Best Time to Send Email Backed By 14 Data-Driven Studies You probably  found this post  after looking through several others searching for a real answer to the question, When is the best time to send email? I say it that way because lots of sources out  there provide the same answer: It depends. And that answer isnt especially  helpful. So  read assured, youre going to find the information you need in this post. And youll also get a lot more. You see, the reason why you want to know the best times to send email- or the best days- is that you ultimately want more opens and more clickthroughs to get more traffic to your blog. And you want all of that because your email list is your most loyal audience wholl share your content once they read it, which creates the snowball effect of more traffic, more subscribers, and more customer conversions. Can you get  all of that by  sending your emails at the best time? Its a good place to start, so read this post to learn: The best day to send email. The best time to send email. How to  really know when your best time to send email is. How to get more opens with super compelling subject lines. How to get more clicks with even better messages and calls to action. Lets commence with the learnin. What 14 Studies Say About The Best Time To Send #EmailSnag Your Free Guide to Finding Email Sending Times + Email Calendar Bundle So, this post is packed with research findings on the best times. But, as with most things, what works best may vary between businesses and industries. With that in mind, how do you set the best schedule for your own newsletters? Start with the curated research in this post. Then, determine your own best times with this guide. When its time to start scheduling emails, use the bonus calendar template included, too. Download it now and youll be on your way to success. Schedule Every Email at the Best Time With The best way to schedule email is with a marketing platform built to get your team organized. Equipped with all-new email integrations, that platform is . With Email Marketing from , you can: Seamlessly integrate with your *favorite* email marketing platform. You already have a kick-a$$ email platform you know and love, so why give it up? With Email Marketing, you can easily connect your preferred email platform to with just a couple clicks. Write click-worthy email subject lines...every time.  With Email Marketing, you can use ’s *exclusive* Email Subject Line Tester to optimize and perfect every subject line to drive more  opens, more  clicks, and more conversions. Get full visibility into your ENTIRE  marketing strategy. Say â€Å"buh-bye† to disjointed marketing content (and constantly jumping from screen to screen). With Email Marketing, it’s easy to see how your email campaigns relate to the rest of your marketing strategy and quickly make adjustments if necessary. With Email Marketing, you can easily connect your preferred email platform (MailChimp, Campaign Monitor, Constant Contact, and ActiveCampaign) to with just a couple clicks. See how it works here. Or, if you're ready to try it yourself, snag a free trial. The Email Marketing Studies What's super cool about this sample of articles is that the research varies from studying billions (yes, seriously) of emails to more than 20 million, from case studies to  roundups. The data is diverse, but there are dots to connect that'll help you send emails  on the best days and at the best times. Here are the studies: MailChimp's insights for send time optimization. Customer.io's research on best day to send emails. GetResponse's research on the best day to send email. WordStream's research on the very best time to send email newsletters. GetResponse's research on the best days to send email newsletters. Experian's  email marketing benchmark. CampaignMonitor's research on the best time to send email campaigns. GetResponse's roundup of the best time and day to send email. HubSpot's best time to send a business email report. MailerMailer's report  on email marketing metrics. CNBC's findings from an interview with MailChimp's own John Foreman. SendInBlue's industry-specific research. General tips and advice from Constant Contact. Original findings from curated data by Propeller. And here's the analysis: 1. What Is The Best Day To Send Email? According to these studies, prioritize your send days in this order: Tuesday:  This is hands down the #1 best day to send emails  according to the majority of the data from these studies. Thursday: If you send two emails a week, choose Thursday for your second day. Wednesday: While no single study showed that Wednesday was the most popular, it came in second place several times. I'll note: Some of the studies mentioned high opens and clickthrough rates on Saturdays and Sundays. Well, those are also the days when the fewest emails are sent. So while the open rates may be higher in general, the actual number of emails opened is way lower. Not every study had visual representations of the data  in them, but you'll find it interesting to see the similarity among the graphs that were present. It's noteworthy  that most activity happens during the middle of the week with  only minor outliers. Here's that data: GetResponse found  the peak inbox activity happens on Thursdays. The second highest peak was on Wednesdays. MailChimp also found high open rates on Thursdays, with a second peak on Tuesdays. Further data from MailChimp and Wordstream suggests that  Thursday and Tuesday are the best days to send emails. Tuesdays get the most emails opened compared to any other day of the week though Saturdays may also be a good day to send email for its high open rate, according to data from Experian and analyzed by Customer.io. HubSpot found that Tuesday is the best day to send email, followed with a tie for Monday and Wednesday. MailerMailer found Tuesdays  win for opens, with Wednesday coming in at a close second. For clicks, Sundays win, with Tuesday coming in second place. Note that since Sunday has  lower  opens, it's likely easier to get that high of a clickthrough rate. Data from Dan Zarella and provided through GetResponse suggests sending emails on Saturday and Sunday and that it's best for both clicks and opens. 2. When Is The Best Time To Send Email? While many of the studies found varying results, here is how you can prioritize your send times based on data: 10 a.m.: While late-morning  send times were the most popular in general, several concluded that  the best time to send emails is at 10 a.m. Another  notable time  is  11 a.m. 8 p.m.-midnight: I bet you didn't expect that one. It looks like emails generally receive more opens and clicks later in the evening. As Campaign Monitor notes, this is likely  due to people checking their email before going to bed. 2 p.m.:  It looks like you might be successful by sending your emails later in the day as people are checking out of work mode or looking for distractions. 6 a.m.: I guess this makes sense since 50% of you begin your day by emailing in bed. Before you even stand up, you're opening emails. Good morning. Note: A lot of these articles mentioned time zones. The big takeaway is to choose the time zone for  the majority of your audience. If you're in the U.S., that's likely Eastern Time since  that time zone covers 50% of the population. If you're a local company,  send at these times in your own time zone. Take a look at the similarities in these graphs for a lot more detail on the analysis. Morning between 9–11 a.m. is definitely the best time to send email according to Campaign Monitor's research. It looks like there is a peak at 10 a.m. Campaign Monitor  sums it up by saying that 53% of emails are opened during the workday between 9 a.m.–5 p.m. MailChimp confirms with Campaign Monitor that sending emails  later in the morning between 10 a.m.–noon will get you the most opens.  It looks like the best time to send email is at 10 a.m. Surprisingly, different research from MailChimp and analyzed by Wordstream suggests there may also be a peak for opens in the afternoon. Wordstream says  2 p.m. is also a peak time to send email. Data from Experian and cited through Customer.io suggests  a similar approach to Wordstream's analysis to send emails later in the day. Customer.io found that email opens are highest from 8 p.m.–midnight, with a second peak between 4–8 p.m. Customer.io suggests that while it's a common practice to check  email in the mornings, most people are just beginning their day and may likely avoid email marketing in favor of productivity. HubSpot researched open times to find late morning tends to get the most opens. Send emails at 11 a.m. for the best results. Data from MailerMailer also suggests that sending emails in the late morning during work hours gets the best percentage of opens. Send your emails at 10 a.m. Dan Zarella's research, as analyzed by GetResponse, suggests 6 a.m. is a peak time to send emails, followed by late in the evening from 8 p.m.–midnight. 3. The Controversy Behind  What You Just Read Every one of the studies this post analyzes mentioned in some way that the best times  to send emails depends on  your own audience. Here's a memorable quote from Megan at Wordstream: That's the advice. Now ignore it. If that's true, then why do so many studies offer similar  information that suggests  sending emails on Tuesdays at 10 a.m.  will be the most successful? Furthermore, there may be differences between different businesses with different audiences. Here's a comparison chart of four different verticals from SendInBlue: Still, it does make sense to use these days and times to start a test for your own audience. As John from MailChimp notes: But keep in mind, the primary driver of engagement for your list is you: your content, your industry, the list you’ve uploaded. Both Megan and John  are right, though. And that's why you can use your own data and Google Analytics to help you send  email more effectively. Use these times as a starting point for sending #emails and then change where you need to. #blog4. Turn 'It Depends' Into A Real Answer Based On  Your Audience There are two phases to understand the best times to send email to your audience: Send emails at the best times as you just learned from this post. Analyze the data from your tests to see when you received the most traffic. It's really simple if you plan your work, then work your plan. Plan To Test The Best Days And Times With Your Audience Follow this outline to test  your days and times to send email. Regardless of how many emails you send during a week, you can walk through this process from first email to last email over the time frame that works best for you. It's like a checklist for the days and times you'll send your next 12 emails: Tuesday at 10 a.m. Thursday at 8 p.m. Wednesday at 2 p.m. Tuesday at 6 a.m. Thursday at 10 a.m. Wednesday  at 8 p.m. Tuesday at 2 p.m. Thursday at 6 a.m. Wednesday at 10 a.m. Tuesday at 8 p.m. Thursday at 2 p.m. Wednesday 6 a.m. That is now your plan for the next 12 emails you'll send to your subscribers. Keep in mind, research also shows that  23% of your subscribers will open emails within 60 minutes  after you send them. So It's fine to schedule your emails to send 30 minutes prior to the  peak time. Measure Your Email  Test's Success What you're really after is understanding how much traffic your emails are  contributing to your blog. After all, these are your most loyal readers who  read, share, and bring additional traffic to your site. So while you could go into your email service provider's dashboard to look at your open and clickthrough rates, an easier way to gauge the performance of your test is by using Google Analytics and reviewing your referral traffic from email. First, grab this free Google Analytics custom report to understand your  best days to send email available in your kit  that complements this blog post) When you first open this report, you'll simply set the start date and end date to the times when you ran the test. Then select Email. Once you click through to filter your data to show only referral traffic from email, you'll see the best days that are giving you the most traffic listed in order according to page views.  From there, you can click through again to see the best times by hour when you receive that traffic. This is probably the best place to start with your research. Something that has stuck with me from this analysis was a comment  from Mark Brownlow all the way back from 2009: Another trap is to think of "best day" and "best time of day" as two separate issues. The best time to send depends on the day you send it. And vice versa. That seems like good advice. But let's say you just want to know the general best time to send email by hour- without the day. Grab this  second Google Analytics custom report to measure your best time by hour only available in your kit that complements this blog post). Just like the first report, enter in the date range when you did your email test, then filter to see only referral traffic from Email. From there, you'll  see your best times to send email based on data from your own audience. It's that easy to set up your email test. But you  want even more traffic than you're already getting... so a good next step would be to get more opens. And the best  way to improve that is by writing even better email subject lines. Test your #email for the best times to send with free #GoogleAnalytics reports.5. How To Get More Opens From Your Email Subject Lines It's no secret that one of the primary drivers of opens is your email subject line. It's the part that usually stands out the most in your subscribers' inboxes right from the get-go, making your first impression for the content you're sending. So if opens lead to clickthroughs, and opens come from awesome email subject lines, let's explore a few data-driven ways to write those subject lines so they help you reach your goal to get more traffic. There is a lot of advice out there  to help you write better subject lines. Upon review, a lot of that advice has a lot in common. This analysis breaks down the best information I could find and compares it to some of 's open rates, too: HubSpot Digital Marketer Mequoda Constant Contact Let's get started. Use Your Headlines For Inspiration A while back, Garrett analyzed more than 1 million headlines and found that how to, list, and question headlines get more social shares than any other type of blog title. How to, list, and question headlines get more social shares than any other blog type. #bloggingNot surprisingly, the research for email subject lines suggests that these same three types of messaging tend to perform really well for getting opens. Examples: How To Make {Subject}  That Will  {Benefit} 21+ Ways To Grow Your  {Subject} Do You Think You Can {Benefit}? Recommended Reading:  Here Are The 101 Catchy Blog Title Formulas That Will Boost Traffic By 438% Your Subscribers Want To Know What's In It For Them There's an old adage  that helps marketers get into the heads of their audience: What's in it for me?  Judging from the data,  answering that question in your email subject line is an awesome way to increase your open rate. You could call  this a benefit, appealing to self-interest, or sharing your value proposition. The point is this: Make it clear what your audience will get if they just open your email to experience something they really desire. Examples: 5 Reasons Why You Should  {Subject} {Benefit}  While You Sleep [TEMPLATE] 10 Best  {Subject} Show Who They Could Be Like  After They Open Your Email Social proof helps your subscribers see themselves being successful- which works especially well  when they see others rocking your solution. So use your email subject line to appeal to the benefits of stories, case studies, examples, and testimonials scattered throughout your blog post. Examples: How {Name/Company}  does  {Subject} {Name/Company}  can afford any {Subject}, he uses  {Solution} How {Name/Company} Got {Number/Desirable Outcome} In {Number Of Days} Make It Unique To Stand Out In A Cluttered Inbox A lot of  successful email subject line examples suggest that uniqueness gets opens. Think of including jokes, humor, or something unexpected in your subject line- anything that arouses curiosity beyond the same-old, same-old. Examples: real {audience}  use  {solution} Discover the {solution} {Subject}, {subject}, and {unrelated subject}? Recommended Reading:  How To Build Your Brand With Humor So You’ll Feel Like A Human Make Them Move Fast The fear of missing out is a powerful motivator because it gets your subscribers thinking, "What do they know that I don't?" Showing a deadline, appealing to a sense of urgency, or even suggesting scarcity in your email subject line can help you increase your opens. Examples: Stop {Undesirable Current State} Now Copy and paste these {subject} [Last Chance] Discover the {solution} that will change your life today Make What You're Sending Sound Fresh It's true that blog posts that feel fresh or essentially reporting on the news in your niche get some of the most social shares of any type of content. In fact, news posts get the most social shares of any type of content (yes, seriously). When you write content that appeals to recent events in your industry, use those facts, subjects, and teasers in your email subject lines to spread the word quickly. Examples: {new subject}  (your first 3 steps) 5 Answers To The {New Subject} New {Subject}: What It Means For {Audience} Finally! {Company} releases {subject} Know The Mechanics Behind Successful  Email Subject Lines Length There is an old-school rule that email subject lines should be about 50 characters long. Since 54% of emails are opened on mobile devices, that seems like it's still a pretty good idea: The shorter your email subject line, the better. Case HubSpot calls it the "e.e. cummings subject line" and it's something copywriting master Joanna Wiebe  of CopyHackers does consistently: Write your email subject line in all lowercase. Joanna says this approach is more like how a friend or family member would email you, and she offers this advice for email subject line writing: So do yourself a favor and repeat after me: Nobody actually wants to hear from me. They only want to hear from their friends. Your task, then, is to sound as much like their trusted friends, colleagues and/or clients as you can†¦ without being tricky†¦ or gimmicky†¦ or lame. Follow that exercise for every subject line you write, and you'll get the opens you're shooting for. A Glimpse At Some Of 's Recent A/B Test For Email Subject Line Opens Nearly every email service provider lets you send A/B tests for your subject lines. You can do this same exercise for  your own subject lines to help you understand why your audience opens and improve all of your future subject lines. Simply write down your  winner and loser from the test, the difference in the results, and scrutinize the reason why your winner performed the best:Winner :D Loser :( Percent Difference Reason 8 Social Media Best Practices That Will Save You 25.5 Hours In A 2-Week Sprint You Can Save 25.5 Hours With These Social Media Best Practices 8% More specific, focused on the promise 101 Marketing Time Management Strategies That'll Help You Work Faster 101 Marketing Time Management Strategies That'll Boost Your Efficiency 6.6% Work faster is a term our actual audience uses to define their personal productivity goal 150+ Blog Ideas That Will Absolutely Kill Writers' Block 150+ Blog Ideas To Kill The Nightmare Of The Blinking Cursor 18% Writers' block is an undesirable state, while the winning subject line promises a solution How To Promote Your Blog With 105 Content Promotion Tactics 105 Ways To Promote Your Blog To Get More Traffic 17.6% Winner led with the subject How To Get More Followers With 21 Ways That Will Boost Your Social Media Traffic How To Get More Followers With 21 Unique Ways That Will Boost Your Reach 15.7% Traffic is a key word our audience uses to define success, not reachYou can see from these examples that we've been trying to strongly appeal to the benefits behind opening the email. Nearly all of these subject lines reuse the blog titles to test for the best-performing headlines. There is still room for improvement! Try Using the Email Subject Line Tester This free tool analyzes email subject lines and offers suggestions on how they can be improved. Try it here. Recommended Reading:  We A/B Tested Our Email Subject Lines For Months. Here’s What We Learned. 6. How To Get More Clickthroughs With Improved Email Writing Tips Once you get that email open, how can you get the most click-throughs from your subscribers to read your blog post? It's a good question that deserves a simple and data-driven answer. Plain Text Versus Visual Emails While your email subject line is one of the primary ways to get email opens, the design of your email can also impact your success. You might think that a designed email- or HTML-enhanced with a theme of some kind- would increase your opens and clickthroughs. But when HubSpot researched the idea of HTML versus plain text emails, they found that HTML emails actually decreased both their open and clickthrough rates. They  summarized their findings with a very bold statement: Aside from proper list segmentation, nothing boosts opens and clicks as well as an old school, plain-text email. Super surprising, right? Plain text emails perform better than an #email with a designed theme. #bloggingBut HubSpot  wasn't the only one to come to that conclusion. DIYthemes also testing a plain text version  of their e-newsletter which their subscribers absolutely loved. And when we at tested several HTML-enhanced  emails for the ones we use to announce new blog posts, we found that our plain text versions increased the amount of  opens by 3.5% while decreasing our clickthroughs by 2.12%. At first, you might think that data is a bit misleading, but that 3.5% increase in opens means that more overall subscribers are clicking through to read our content, despite the slight percentage drop in clickthroughs. So why is that? To bring up Joanna Wiebe's awesome point  from writing subject lines, it's because  plain text emails look more authentic and less spammy than HTML-enhanced emails. HubSpot came to the same conclusion in their research, hinting that email filters may be strong enough to weed out over-enhanced emails. If  Joanna  and HubSpot are right on those assumptions, then data backs it up. More of your subscribers see email as a 1-to-1  communication tool  that plain text messages seem to reflect while HTML-enhanced emails scream mass marketing. Takeaway: Send plain text emails rather than HTML-enhanced emails. Keep It Informal Another reason HTML-enhanced emails may perform slightly worse than plain text emails could be due to the fact that the message in the email itself often begins with gibberish. Let me explain. This is what HTML-enhanced emails look like before you open them: And this is what informal plain text emails look like before you open them: No one wants to feel like you're marketing to them, but rather, that they've opted in to receiving information that will help them. Email is a way for you to build trust with the audience that is the most likely to convert into real customers. So, how can you build that trust? Just write like you would to a friend.  It's just fine to start an email with Hey there. Let people into your lives a bit like this example of many from Noah Kagan: Now, I'm not saying you have to be super whimsical like Noah, but I know that he's built lists that have added up to seven figures of email subscribers (yes, that means more than  a million subscribers). So how does he  retain those email subscribers? By treating email as an avenue for a relationship. You read his emails and feel like you know the guy even if you've never met him. Takeaway: Write to your subscribers as if you were talking to your best friend.  Opt for you instead of one, forget yourself and focus entirely on your audience, and use contractions because that's probably just how you  talk anyway. Share The Reasons Why  Your Subscribers Should Click Through Focus your message  on explaining the value your subscribers will get when  they visit your blog post. Now, the value isn't the same as what your post covers, but answers the question,  what's in it for me? There are a few ways to do this: Appeal to your subscribers' biggest challenges: People avoid confronting their challenges because they're hard to deal with. Address the problem with an immediate solution (*ah hem* reading your post is the solution) to get more clickthroughs. Know how they measure success: Your subscribers have goals. When you share "How To Do  {Subject} To {Reach The Goal}" you'll immediately hook your subscribers. Use their own words to tell them what they wanna hear: Joanna Wiebe from Copyhackers  suggests that using the words your audience uses to define their problems and goals helps increase conversions. When we took that advice in building a landing page, we experienced a conversion rate of 27%. Yeah, that works. Now, if you don't know those things, chances are... you probably don't know your audience very well and that may reflect in your content. Here are three simple ways to get the information you need to write more effective emails: Survey:  This is hands down the #1 best way to understand your audience's goals, challenges, and the words they use to describe them. Use a free survey tool like Polldaddy to send your existing email subscribers  a survey with this one question: What is your biggest challenge as a {insert their role}? Blog comments: Monitor blog post comments to find common problems. You can continue the conversation by  probing with more questions to find out why those things are problems and what they're looking for as a solution. Social media: Listen to your followers when they participate in Facebook groups, Twitter chats, and LinkedIn groups. Spark up a conversation to dig deeper when necessary. Another  email writing tip involves a bit of simple psychology: Write your email in a way that helps your subscribers feel like they've already made the decision to click through to read your blog post. Write emails in a way that will make your readers feel like they decided to read your blog post.What does that mean? It means using  proven phrases like these... When you read this post... You'll learn... You will discover... ...because those phrases assume the subscriber will act on the advice you provide or they will feel the cognitive dissonance of knowing  they should have done something but they chose not to. That technique leads directly into a call to action your subscribers can envision themselves doing. For example, here's what that could look like for this post specifically: When you read this post, you'll grow your traffic by getting more email opens and more clickthroughs to your awesome content. When you read this post, you'll discover the best times and days to send your emails to grow your traffic. When you read this post, you'll also learn how to write better subject lines and messages that will get more clickthroughs. You see how each of those examples suggests that you will do the action, and that when you do, you'll solve a problem and get the benefits. And a final email writing tip: Keep 'em short. Some of our highest clickthrough rates come  from emails that are  three sentences long. Recommended Reading How To Write Cold Emails The Right Way The Ultimate Guide To Creating An Email Autoresponder Course Now You Know How To Get More Traffic From Email You just learned a ton of information that will help you get more traffic from email marketing. Here's a recap of the process: Send your emails on Tuesdays. Send them at 10 a.m. Test the best days and times to find out when your audience is most active with these two Google Analytics reports. Write compelling email subject lines that stand out. Use plain text emails and write messages that assume your subscribers have already clicked through to read your blog post. Where will you start?

BI - Business Intelligence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

BI - Business Intelligence - Essay Example Rwanda’s main imports include foodstuffs, steel, machinery and equipment, construction as well as petroleum products. Their main trading partners include Kenya, Germany, China, and Belgium. GDP (PPP): $16.4 billion, 5.0% growth, 6.9% 5-year annual growth, and $1538 per capita. The rate of unemployment I Rwanda is 0.6%, inflation 4.2 %. Rwanda’s major industries are industries that process their agricultural produce for export to the foreign markets. In the past five years, Rwanda’s economic freedom has increased by 2.1. This has been contributed by 20-point improvement from corruption 15-point freedom investment (Rwanda, 2014). One of the key factors that have greatly contributed to fast growth of this country’s economy is the internet use in both local as well as international trade. Most of their imports especially construction and petroleum materials are ordered via the internet. They also get international markets for their products through internet use (Aspray, 2008). Rwanda has established several shopping sites that are used for local and international trade. Examples of these online sites include Gemeya.com, Gurisha.com, Shop4rwanda.com, Comfort Rwanda, and Beautyofrwanda.com. These sites are important to Rwanda’s economy because they are able to sell and buy via these sites and it saves time. These sites are affordable for most citizens and fewer restrictions are placed on their use (Black, 2002). After goods have been purchased online and imported to Rwanda, there are different taxes that the owner of purchased goods is supposed to pay. For goods like vehicles that have been purchased online, the owner is supposed to pay four types of taxes: value added tax (VAT) 18%, customs duty 25%, withholding tax 5%, and consumption tax that has different rates. Uses of technology in business are important because transactions are done within a short time. It is

The Manager of Human Resources of ABC Company Essay

The Manager of Human Resources of ABC Company - Essay Example Aside from the job posting in the office, I will also advertise in leading newspapers or via the internet recruitment sites. The next step is managing the response. We at HR will collect all the resumes submitted. After compilation of all the resumes of the job applicants, we shall shortlist the applicants to around 120. This is done by comparing each resume with the requirements of the employee specification. Our goal here is to determine the most qualified candidates to schedule in-person interviews. The next step in the recruitment process is the job interviews. The job interview will be clearly designed and agreed upon between our department and the line management. The aim of the interview is to discover the candidate who meets the requirements and fits best the corporate culture and the department. The panel will use the same set of questions with each interviewee. During this stage, the interview panelists will evaluate the relevant skills and experiences of the applicants. We shall also explore their interests in pursuing a career with our company. The interview process is essential in learning about the past accomplishments and achievements of the applicants. A part of the interview will also give the applicant a brief introduction about our company. This is necessary so that the applicant will also know whether he will fit in the organization. The interview will also include a selection test. ... will then be subjected to reference checks and a comprehensive background investigation, before an offer of employment is extended by our department. A verbal offer is then made to the candidate and if he agrees to it, a written offer is made. The written offer will specify the position and the compensation. The successful candidates will be required to submit the necessary documents and the other appointment formalities will be discussed. I foresee that the recruitment and hiring process will take around one month and two weeks. The next challenge to me is the training of the newly accepted employees. I realize that new employees usually feel anxiety and excitement during the first few days of their employment. I believe that training for these new recruits should, therefore, harness their enthusiasm, reduce their fears and direct their energy. An induction training will be conducted for the new recruits. The induction training will include general training, mandatory training, job training and the training evaluation. In the general training, the new recruits will be introduced to the organization, which includes our vision, mission, values, philosophies and the history and structure of the company. This is where I will emphasize how much our company values customer satisfaction and quality service. This training will be handled directly by the HR department and will take one day to accomplish. The next step in the induction training is the mandatory training which will also be handled by the HR department. This encompasses the corporate policies and business processes. It will also include the health and safety requirements as well as some of the legalities of the organization.  

Look at the beginning of act two Essay Example for Free

Look at the beginning of act two Essay And doesnt eat herself since she has presumably eaten with the children. In those times, (1692) wives were expected to stay at home, clean the house, cook the food, take care of the children, and obey their husbands. They were also expected to be good Christians, be calm, quiet etc. To express these qualities above, Elizabeth should probably dress in quite plain, conservative clothes, and walk straight, eyes slightly lowered, arms at the sides, and talk quietly. He then compliments her about the rabbit, Its well seasoned, and she receives it, blushing with pleasure. She then adds, that she took great care. Again, both are trying hard to be friendly to each other, to try to avoid argument. It is however; ironic that Proctor complimented her on the seasoning on the rabbit, since he seasoned it himself. After that, he talks about the farm and says with a grin I mean to please you Elizabeth. And she answers, I know it John. However, before she answers, she pauses, and finds it hard to say. This means that she might not think he honestly wants to please her, or make their marriage work. Since this is quite a dramatic moment, I think the lighting should focus on her at this point, and if present the orchestra should be silent to emphasize her hesitation. The author then repeats Elizabeths lack of love and coldness when John proctor gets up and kisses her, and then returns disappointed. This is so that if the audience misses the pause, thus showing her disbelief and distrust in him, they will see her total lack in passion and love when John is rejected from Elizabeth,. He then asks her for some cider, as gently as he can, since he feels she is hurt, and doesnt want to make her feel any worse. He then says, Its winter in here yet, which might be a hint for her to warm her heart and become more loving. Yet since her badly wants to be nice, he asks her on type of date, to walk across the farm. They both get up, and he walks to the door, and he seems quite happy. She however, isnt. He seems to notice this, and asks her if she is sad again. As they say these last lines, I think that the sense of their separation should be emphasised be lighting. Ie, the lights, which have been directed at both of them together so far, should split, a light on each character. This would subtly hint to the audience that although they are desperately striving to make their marriage work, it cant yet because there is a distance between them, and theyre not on the same wavelength. The audience can also see this when John seems deep in his thoughts about spring, flowers, and Massachusetts, while Elizabeth seems to worry about something. She answers to his question, Are you sad again and immediately justifies her answer when she says that she thought he had gone to Salem since he was back so late. This could show the audience that she thought he had gone to see Abigail, because they know Abigail lives in Salem from what they saw in act one. He knows that she thought of him going to see Abigail, so he says he has no business in Salem. This shows the audience, that although he is eager to let go of the past, (which is also shown in act one I will cut my hand off before I ever reach for you (Abigail) again. ) Elizabeth has not yet forgiven him, which he accuses her of later. You forgive nothing and forget nothin! She then admits to having let Mary go to Salem and this makes him quite angry. However, when she carries on he starts shouting at her holding back a full condemnation of her and says that she should control her servants better. Perhaps he also thinks that she should have controlled Abigail, so he wouldnt have had an affair with her. Basically, in this part of Act Two, the author shows that the strain in their relationship was caused by his affair with Abigail, which has resulted with her distrust. Miller also shows that Proctor quickly raises his temper, which could also strain a relationship. Proctor only seems to have raised his temper when Abigail and his affair with her are mentioned. This could be because he feels guilty. Knowing what parts of the act give hints to their difficult relationship helps tremendously when the play is performed, since the director knows what parts of the act he must emphasise. He can do that by using different lighting, sound effects, dramatic music from an orchestra, acting, and pauses. By Karina Wortelboer Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Miller section.

The West Nile Virus :: West Nile Viruses Health Essays

The West Nile Virus **Let it be known that I am writing this account in the hope that it may someday benefit future generations, although I hope for their sake that the world has by then tamed the West Nile Virus. First and foremost, mosquitoes are the human beings' enemy in the battle against West Nile Virus. This is not to say that we as humans should declare an all out war on the creatures, but rather that people need to be especially aware during the months of August and September of avoiding those areas (such as those near standing water) which attract mosquitoes. Those who spend a great deal of time outside are obviously more susceptible to mosquito bites, and as such I highly recommend that such persons wear long sleeved shirts and long pants at all times. So far, this method has kept me and a great many of my acquaintances safe from the dreaded bite. Currently, our leading scientists also believe that using insect repellent which contains the chemical DEET will also severely cut down one's chances of being bitten. Yet, we must always keep in mind that relatively few of these creatures are actual carriers of the virus, and that most humans who are bitten by a mosquito will never contract any form of West Nile Virus. If one should be unlucky enough to be bitten by an infected mosquito (who most likely contracted the virus from an infected bird), there are certain symptoms which have been observed in West Nile epidemics which one should watch for. My curious readers, I must emphasize the fact that per my own observations, up to 80% of those persons bitten by an infected mosquito will be asymptomatic and thus will have nothing to worry about. Yet those who develop what we are currently calling the "mild symptoms" of the virus, may exhibit any combination of the following symptoms: fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, skin rash, and swollen lymph glands. One will exhibit any or all of these wretched symptoms, which I myself have observed to last no more than a few days. Yet with this form of the virus, death and permanent neurological damage have yet to occur as a direct result. The mild symptoms make up what we are referring to as "West Nile Fever," as opposed to the much more severe cases of the virus which are being classified in three groups at this point in time: West Nile encephalitis, West Nile meningitis, and West Nile poliomyelitis.

Finding Neverland Essay

The movie Finding Neverland is about the writer J. M. Barrie and his journey of writing plays about imagination and happiness. Barrie has a close relationship with Sylvia Llewelyn Davies, and her sons, who give Barrie the idea of the well-known play Peter Pan. J. M. Barrie attends the reception of his latest play, ‘Little Mary’ and from this reception he meets Sylvia, who is a widow now. Barrie enjoys spending time with Sylvia and her four sons, and through this proves to be a great playmate and father-figure for the boys. Sylvia’s mother, Emma du Maurier does not like the amount of time Barrie spends with her family. Emma wants to take control of her daughter and grandsons, since Sylvia is becoming very weak from an unidentified illness. As Sylvia becomes more and more ill, she is unable to attend Barrie’s new play production. However, Barrie arranges a mini-version of his new play to be presented at her home. Finding Neverland can be interpreted using the archetypal literary criticism, as it does centre on the idea of the unconscious mind and its ability to hold and create universal symbols and patterns to which all humans can relate to. The archetypal hero character of this movie is playwright J. M. Barrie. Barrie, in the beginning of the movie, does not have any ideas of creating a new play. However, when he meets Sylvia’s four sons; George, Michael, Jack, and Peter, through their imagination, Barrie gets ideas. The imagination starts, when Barrie meets the Llewelyn family at London’s Kensington Gardens, while walking his St. Bernard dog. Ever since that day, Barrie has been spending a lot of time with Sylvia and her sons, creating imaginary worlds of pirates, castles and cowboys. For Barrie to create these imaginary worlds for the children, they cheer up and enjoy the time, since they do not have a father anymore. Apart from all this fun and enjoyment, there is a femme fatale character who is Emma du Maurier, the mother of Sylvia. Emma does not want Sylvia and her sons to be spending so much time with Barrie, because she thinks that he is corrupting their minds. By this, Emma tries to manipulate Sylvia into stopping the amount of time she and her sons spend with Barrie, and more time with the family. However, through all this manipulation and control from the mother, Sylvia and Barrie can be seen as two star-crossed lover, since they both love and care for each other in a close relationship. In Finding Neverland, the archetypal situation is for Barrie to create a new play. Barrie has a quest to complete, which is to get ideas about the next play he should write. For Barrie to meet Sylvia’s four sons, he got his whole idea of writing his next play, from these four boys imagination. Barrie’s has now reached his task, and that is to create a play using the imagination of kids and put it on stage to show to the public. Along with the quest Barrie has to undertake, there is an archetypal symbol of light and dark. The symbol of light in this movie, are the four boys and Sylvia. Without them, Barrie would be in a loss of ideas, since he gets the idea for his new play from his experience with the Llewelyn family. The symbol of darkness in this movie is the mother of Sylvia, Emma du Maurier. Emma, talks behind Barrie’s back and tries to tell Sylvia things about Barrie that are not true. Besides all the back talk, Barrie still is persistent in completing his task and showing the public his new play. Through further analysis of the movie Finding Neverland, Northrop Frye’s Four Story Model can be used to analyze this movie. The movie Finding Neverland can be analyzed as a romance story, since there is a world of innocence. In this world of innocence, the four boys are the ones who joyfully imagine with Barrie all the wonderful stories of pirates and kings and fulfill the desire for order and meaning. The hero, Barrie has an adversary who is Emma, the mother of Sylvia. She tries and stops Sylvia and her sons from playing with Barrie. The theme of this movie, makes use of visions and revelations, by the fact that Barrie gets the visions of his new play from all the imagination that the four kids show. Through these imaginations, Barrie shows a progress toward fulfillment in creating his new play. The basic plot, is Barrie goes on a perilous journey, a struggle follows in which he proves himself in the doing the task. When Barrie completes the quest of creating the new play, which is known as Peter Pan, there is triumph and exaltation of the hero Barrie. The basic imagery seen in this film, are trees and animals that come to life and assist Barrie in completing his quest, from all the imagination and creativity the four kids show to Barrie. To conclude, Barrie has accomplished his main goal, through all the creativity and imagination that was offered with the help of Sylvia’s four sons. Finding Neverland is a story that really emphasizes the importance of imagination and how it can really help someone in times of tragedy and loss. Humans need that creativity to imagine things in another world and use it for the benefit for oneself and other, just as Barrie did for Sylvia and her family.

An Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Premiums Promotion, Limited

Qing Lu 2111573 10 weeks Business M. Sc. International Business Permission given to use this project Word Count: 2824 An Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Premiums Promotion, Limited- time Discount and Loyalty Card Promotion—Based on Product Life Cycle 31 August 2012 Abstract In recent years, sales promotion tactics are extensively used to achieve different marketing targets.The aim of this project is to analyze the effectiveness of premiums promotion, limited-time discount and loyalty card promotion according to the marketing targets in the first three phases of product life cycle, which can help companies maximize the effects of sales promotion. The specific marketing targets in the first three stages of product life cycle are discussed and the effective sales promotion tactics are analyzed, based on a rich literature about sales promotion.The potential risks in the implementation process need to be taken into account and the possible solutions are proposed to help companie s reduce the unnecessary losses. This may be of interest to marketers, which intend to enhance the competitiveness of companies.   List of references Introduction As the competitive pressure on market increases, the studies on product life cycle are paid more and more attention by marketers in recent years. On one hand, product life cycle can direct companies to set the clear marketing target in each phase. On the other hand, it can help marketers select the effective sales promotion tactics to achieve each marketing target.The selection of sales promotion strategies in each stage of product life cycle seems to be of considerable importance in achieving different marketing targets. The study by Yeshin (2006) suggests that premiums promotion, limited-time discount and loyalty card promotion play marked roles in the first three stages of product. Moreover, it appears to be necessary for marketers to set the marketing targets in different stages of product life cycle, to select the e ffective means of sales promotion, and to be aware of possible solutions for dealing with potential risks.As Kotler and Armstrong (2001) point out, companies can induce customers to know, to use and to be loyal for their products by the effective means of sales promotion, even if customers may have different buying habits, product preference and purchase motivation. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effectiveness of premiums promotion, limited-time promotion and loyalty card promotion according to the three marketing targets in the first three phases of product life cycles, which tends to help companies expand new product awareness, increase market share and maintain customer loyalty. Features nd marketing targets of the first three stages of product life cycle will first be presented. The reasons for the effectiveness of the three marketing tactics mentioned above will then be analyzed, with a focus on the three corresponding marketing targets. The limitations and the pos sible solutions will finally be discussed to help firms reduce the potential risks. 1. Features and Marketing Targets of Product Life Cycle When a new product is launched into market, it will go through four stages of product life cycle, which are introduction, growth, maturity, and decline (Kotler and Armstrong 2001).The first three stages, however, may be the optimal period at which the effect of sales promotion can be maximized. Therefore, features of the first three stages and the corresponding marketing targets will be discussed in the following subsections. 1. 1 Introduction stage Introduction stage refers to a period at which new products are first introduced into market (Ibid). In this phase, the growth of sales tends to be slow because much time and money need to be invested to attract the resellers, to inform customers of new products, and to encourage the trial (Ibid).In other words, customer demand for new products should be aroused in the introduction stage. As Bhasin ( 2011) points out, marketers should induce customers to accept new products, thus inspiriting their desires for these products. As a result, the marketing target in introduction stage appears to maximize new products awareness and to stimulate customers to try out new products. 1. 2 Growth stage Growth stage refers to a period at which new products are widely recognized in the market, and more and more customers are willing to follow their innovators (Kotler and Armstrong 2001).The market share is likely to be quickly expanded in this stage as long as marketers attempt to form a purchasing trend. According to the illustration by Bhasin (2011), growth stage offers the appropriate opportunity to markers to occupy more market share due to the high growth rate of sales. Hence, the marketing target in this phase should be to quickly boost sales volume, so as to create a customer trend that more new customers could be attracted to follow. 1. 3 Maturity stageIt is widely agreed that sales i n the maturity stage continue to grow at a relatively slow rate until it reaches the peak, which means the number of customers seems to maintain relatively stable (Kotler and Armstrong 2001, Janotta 2012). There is far less agreement, however, about customers’ purchasing behaviors in this phase. Yeshin (2006) concludes that it may be a competitive period in which the existing customers are likely to buy other brands. In fact, competitive products are likely to flood into the marketplace in the maturity stage, providing more options for customers.Thus, if the effective measures are not taken, companies would lose a portion of market share. Likewise, Bhasin (2011) also illustrates that fierce market competition probably occurs in the maturity stage because some competitors tend to drive down the prices under the cost, in order to draw the attention of customers. Namely, the risk of brand switching in this phase seems to be high, so the marketing target should be set to retain c ustomer loyalty.In conclusion, the first three stages of product life cycle have their own features, so different marketing targets need to be set in different phases: new products awareness should be expanded in the introduction stage, sales volume should be quickly boosted in the growth stage, and customer loyalty should be maintained in the maturity stage. Then, effective sales promotion tactics will be analyzed in the next chapter, according to the marketing targets in the three phases. 2. Analysis of the Three Sales Promotion Tactics 2. 1 Premiums promotion for new product awarenessPremiums promotion refers to free products or free services that can be obtained by customers in addition to the main purchase (Yeshin 2006). Gift promotion plays an important role in new product introduction. First of all, free gifts as incentives can encourage customers to try out new products as well as inform customers about new demand. For example, 200,000 Quattro for Women razors were given out as free gifts in American by Schick, which allowed Quattro to receive the recognition of most female customers (Pride and Ferrell, 2010).It seems that free gifts are effective to stimulate customers to generate interest in new products. Yeshin (2006), however, argues that premiums promotion may reduce the value of brand due to the possible hazard caused by the free gifts in the product contents. For example, in order to attract children, small toys are often inserted into snakes as premiums, which are likely to arouse the controversy about food security, thereby resulting in brand crises. Nevertheless, premiums still contribute to expand new products awareness.Pride and Ferrell (2010) illustrates that the Promotion Marketing Association’s Product Sampling Council, according to an investigation, showed that 92%of participators in this survey indicated that free samples motivated their trials for new products. Besides, the free experience as a kind of intangible gifts could al low customers experience multi-value such as relational, emotional and behavioral value, which increases brand popularity and affinity. As a case in point, the customers who buy the new item in Burger King could watch the latest Star Wars film for free (Yeshin 2006).Not only did the famous film expand the new item awareness, but also increased customers’ affection for Burger King. In fact, the reason why premiums promotion has a great appeal to customers tends to be that it gets hold of customers’ mentalities. According to the study by Yeshin (2006), customers usually get used to regarding themselves as the weaker end of the deal, so the free products or services as the compensatory gifts can incentivize customers. Consequently, premiums as incentives can benefit to expand new products awareness in the introduction stage. 2. 2 Limited-time promotion for quick boost to salesA promotional deadline is set for customers to ensure that the volume of sales can be boosted as soon as possible, which is called limited-time promotion (Reid and Bojanic 2010). The advantage of limited-time discount lies in a short-term surge in sales, which enables companies to rapidly grab market share in the growth phase. Limited-time discount seems to create a sense of excitement and competition and a tense atmosphere. Customers tend to be attracted by excitement that limited-time discount create. Or rather, what customers love may not be products themselves but the sense of getting a good deal.Kolb (2005) also indicates that even the customers with high wages like to feel that they are smart in this way. In addition, as this kind of discount is temporary, which will restore regular prices soon, it creates a threat to customers, aiming at stimulating them to make immediate purchase (Gaffney and Francis, 2009). Such a threat appears to take effect on rapidly increasing sales. According to Reid and Bojanic (2010), Marriott International, Hyatt Hotels and Resorts, and Hilton gave discounts to customers on weekends as so to quickly boost the volume of sale, which had gotten great success.Hence, if limited-time discount is used in the growth stage, market share can be quickly expanded by increasing sales in the short term. 2. 3 Loyalty card for customer loyalty Loyalty card is used to earn points for purchasing certain products or shopping at certain retailers. When customers collect enough points, these can be exchanged for money, goods or other offers (Kotler and Armstrong 2001). One of the main functions of loyalty card is to maintain the long-term relationship between customers and brands. It motivates customers to keep buying products with fixed brand, thus strengthening customers’ brand loyalty.A study by Lancaster and Massingham (2011) shows that Tesco owed its success in becoming the largest grocery supermarket retailer in Britain to introduction of loyalty card, since loyalty card was used to reward regular purchase, thus enhancing consum er loyalty to Tesco. Furthermore, loyalty card is felt to be effective in analyzing purchasing behaviors of the existing customers and directing enterprises to improve the operation of businesses, which thus benefits to build long-lasting relationship with existing customers.As Humby, Hunt and Phillips (2007) conclude, shopping habits, brand preference and economic capability of certain customer groups can be analyzed through loyalty card data, which contribute to firms to adjust marketing strategy. As a matter of fact, most marketers concern about customer loyalty in the maturity stage in that many competitive brands have piled into the market, which may lead customers to switch other brands.Liljenwall(2004) points out that it is difficult to be loyal for most products that customers purchase, even though many of them have brand preference for commodities. Indeed, they attempt to seek the best one by constantly changing brands. However, it seems that loyalty card reduces the risks of brand switching by offering discounts for regular purchases. When facing to different brands with same quality, customers usually would like to purchase fixed brand in return for discount. That is to say, loyalty card promotion can effectively maintain customer loyalty in the maturity stage.In conclusion, the three sales promotion tactics are effectively used to help companies to achieve the marketing targets in different phases: premiums promotion expands new products awareness in the introduction stage since this way could induce consumers to try out new items; limited-time promotion probably helps companies increase market share in the growth stage through boosting the volume of sales as soon as possible; loyalty card seems to be effective to maintain customer loyalty in the maturity stage because marketers would like to provide discount or gifts in return for regular purchase.Nonetheless, some potential risks may occur in the implementation. In order to maximize the effects o f sales promotion on different phases of product life cycle, limitations and possible solutions of the three means of sales promotion will be discussed in the next main section. 3. Limitations and Possible Solutions 3. 1 Risks of premiums promotion There seems to be two limitations in premiums promotion. First, it is difficult for marketers to ensure that premiums or free samples are attractive enough to their target customers (Ace 2002).In the introduction stage, new products usually need to be widely aware, so if premiums cannot arouse customers’ interest, marketers may lose chances to convince customers to try out their new products. Second, the cost of premiums and the value that customers perceive should be balanced. As Yeshin (2006) illustrates, the low-cost premiums may be perceived as low quality, thus reducing the brand value of new products themselves, whereas free gifts with high quality often cost much.Hence, it is felt to be difficult for marketers to forecast th e perceived value of premiums and to ensure that premiums can enhance new products reputation. 3. 2 Risks of limited-time discount Two possible limitations should be taken into account when limited-time discount is implemented. First, overusing limited-time discount probably shakes consumers’ decision for instant purchase in that they get used to waiting for discounts (Hendershot-Hurd 2007). As most customers are waiting for discount, it seems possible that the growth rate of sales becomes low in the growth stage.Second, if the time interval between the end of a limited-time discount and the start of the next limited-time discount is short, the perceived value of products may be reduced (Devlin, Ennew, McKechnie, and Smith 2007). In other words, Customers may regard the promotional price as the actual value. As a result, once restoring the original price, products may become unacceptable. 3. 3 Risks of loyalty card promotion The security of personal data caused by loyalty car ds may lead to customer dissatisfaction (Janotta 2012).For example, customers probably regard loyalty cards as source of spamming, thereby refusing to use loyalty card; they may also feel that individual privacy is offended, which could directly decrease customer satisfaction and destroy customer loyalty; if rewards cannot satisfy customers, they are likely to lose interest in loyalty card. As Janotta (2012) concludes, loyalty card system often disappoints consumers because of unattractive rewards, harsh requirements for exchange, and time and place limit. 3. 4 Possible solutionsWith regard to the limitations above, the possible solutions are proposed by Yeshin (2006) and Kotler and Armstrong (2001) as follow: * A small quantity of premiums should be first used at the beginning of introduction stage for market test, and a mass of premiums or free samples should be then used to expand new products popularity. * Time limited discount should be reasonably used and the promotion cycle s hould be identified by market investigation * Integrated promotion replacing single promotion should be used to stimulate customers in the first three stages of product life cycle.These possible solutions enable companies to reduce the risks in the implementation, thereby avoiding the unnecessary losses. All in all, the risks of sales promotions should be considered by marketers. First, low attractiveness and low perceived value of premiums could reduce the interest of customers in new products. Second, overuse and short cycle of limited-time promotion tend to compel companies to cut prices in that customers may overly relay on discount and reject to purchase at the original price.Third, the invasion of privacy caused by loyalty cards can result in decreasing customer satisfaction since customers could feel to be offended. Furthermore, in terms of possible solutions, early market test on a small scale enables companies to adjust promotion strategies, appropriate promotion cycle prob ably stimulate customers to make instant purchase decision, and integrated promotion mode could make better use of the advantages of sales promotion and compensate for the disadvantages of each other. Conclusion Sales promotion tactics seems to be of considerable importance in achieving different marketing targets.This paper analyzed the effectiveness of three sales promotion tactics according to the three marketing targets mentioned above. First, premiums could encourage customers to try out new products, which are beneficial to expand new products popularity in the introduction stage. Second, limited-time promotion is used to increase sales as sons as possible, eventually occupying more market share in the growth stage. Third, loyalty card has great advantage in keeping long-term relationship with existing customers, which could reduce the risk of brand switching in the maturity stage by rewarding regular purchase.Nevertheless, it seems to be inevitable that the three sales promot ion strategies have limitations. First of all, the quality and attractiveness of free gifts may directly influence the perceived values of new products. Furthermore, limited-time discount may stop products from restoring the original prices since customers prefer to wait for discounting. Finally, even if companies may obtain useful information about customers through analyses of loyalty card data, customer satisfaction is probably reduced due to the invasion of individual privacy.The possible solutions can be summarized as market test on a small scale, appropriate promotion cycle, and integrated promotion mode, which could reduce the risks above and maximize the effects of sales promotion. In discussing process in premiums promotion, limited-time discount and loyalty card promotion, it was conclude that the three tactics of promotion can be effective to help companies achieve the marketing targets in the first three phases, based on a rich literature about sales promotion.However, i t should be noted that a detailed analysis of other tactics of sales promotion realizing different marketing targets is not involved in this paper and future work could be done in this area. This would mainly focus on online marketing and could help marketers enhance the competitiveness of online marketing by appropriate strategies of sales promotion.References Ace, C. (2002) Effective Promotional Planning for e-Business. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann Devlin, J. , Ennew, C. ,McKechnie, S. , and Smith, A. (2007) ‘A study of time limited price promotions’. Journal of Product & Brand Management 16 (4), 280 – 285 Gaffney, S. and Francis, C. (2009) Honesty Sells: How to Make More Money and Increase Business Profits. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons Humby, C. , Hunt, T. , and Phillips, T. (2007) Scoring Points: How Tesco Continues to Win Customer Loyalty. London: Kogan Page Hendershot-Hurd, K. (2007) Beyond the Niche: Essential Tools You Need to Create Marketing Mess ages that  Deliver Results. Swindon: Acuminate Janotta, S. (2012) Loyalty Cards in the Apparel Retail Industry. Munich: Grin Verlag Kolb, B. M. (2005) Marketing for Cultural Organizations. London: Thomson Learning Kotler, P. and Armstrong, G. (2001) Principles of Marketing. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall Lancaster, G. and Massingham, L. (2011) Essentials of MarketingManagement. Abingdon: Routledge Liljenwall, R. (2004) The Power of Point-of-Purchase Advertising: Marketing At Retail. Washington, DC: Point-Of-Purchase Advertising International   Pride, W. M. and Ferrell, O. C. (2010) Marketing. Stamford: Cengage Learning Reid, R. , D. and Bojanic, D. , C. (2010) Hospitality Marketing Management. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons Yeshin, T. (2006) Sales Promotion. London: Thomson Learning