Modern Version of Romeo and Juliet Movie with Leonard Di Caprio Essay Example for Free

Modern Version of Romeo and Juliet Movie with Leonard Di Caprio Essay Old stories get forgotten unless they are rejuvenated for the young. In the media world of today, books are forgotten and so is classical love. Romeo and Juliet with Leonardo de caprio was a fabulous attempt at bringing literature and drama back to life and into the hearts of the youth today. The first aspect of modernization is to portray the families as rich business tycoons of today’s world: Montagues and Capulets. The styling of the men especially, the chic haircuts and clothes are not only modern but in fact futuristic. This is most apparent in the guns, the shining metal and flash of silver cannot be forgotten. The fights between the two gangs take place at common place venues of today, that is gas stations. The cars are also futuristic. The letter that Romeo does not respond to is a by a well known courier service. â€Å"There are times when the rapid cuts and raging soundtrack might cause understandable confusion between the movie and a rock video. Indeed, with all the camera tricks, special effects (such as a roiling storm), and riotous splashes of color, its easy to lose the story in the style† (Berardinelli, 1996). The flush-cut editing and fast-moving scenes and actions contribute further to giving the movie a futuristic feel removing it far from the classic ballad it is. Much of the decor, for example, the aquarium wall, through which Romeo and Juliet first eye each other, is very modern in its architecture and idea. Such interiors never existed in the days of Shakespeare and neither is there any mention in the script. What makes the movie striking is the juxtaposition of old English style, rendered flawlessly and emotionally by the actors, with this modern, futuristic treatment, This juxtaposition is what makes Shakespeare’s work speak to the modern teenager, which was the main objectivce of the movie. References Berardinelli, J. Fil Review, Retrieved on 2nd June 2010 from http://www. reelviews. net/movies/r/romeo_juliet. html

Effects Of Heavy And Soft Music Psychology Essay

Effects Of Heavy And Soft Music Psychology Essay Music has always had affects on human emotion. Music can make anyone feel anything. However, music might have a hidden effect. This is referring to the human cardiopulmonary system. Heart rate is the amount of times the heart pumps blood in one minute. Blood pressure is how hard the blood is pumped through arteries. This is important because one way to gauge a persons health is to look at heart rate and blood pressure. Higher blood pressure could mean the heart is working harder than it is supposed to or there is a clot somewhere. The frequency and the intensity of the music has been associated with the rise of blood pressure found in the study done by Sakamoto in the The Journal of Sound and Vibration. There are differences in the type of music(loud and soft) that is played and the heart rate of the individual listening to it like metal or screamo(in this experiment however it will be Merzbow, which is just loud noise and Mozart which is relatively melancholy) (Sakamoto 2002). Now t he opposite hypothesis can be made also. That soft music with a steady tempo can lower blood pressure and heart rate. This is found out by listening to classical genre of music, such as Mozart in this experiment. However, we do not know this is the case. At the University of California, San Diego, they proposed that listening to music would reduce post-stress blood pressure elevations(Chafin et al. 2004). So music could have an effect after a person already has or experienced high heart rate or blood pressure. There is a studying at Hiroshima University, that used the same technique used in this experiment. They used both excitative music and sedative music. What they found out is that excitative music raised heart rate and sedative music lowered it, but if it was a favorite genre, then the heart rate will always go down (Iwanaga and Moroki 1999). The hypothesis that the group doing this experiment is that the heart rate and blood pressure will not really change at all in the enviro nment that that experiment is taking place(the lab room). However, my hypothesis is that the louder and the more disorganized the music, the higher the blood pressure and heart rate as showing in Sakamotos experiment with loud music with high intensity peaks(Sakamoto 2002). The softer and more organized the music, heart rates and blood pressure would decrease as shown in the study by Iwanaga and Moroki when they tested sedative music that lowered heart rate(Iwanaga and Moroki 1999). This experiment is relevant to real life due to the fact that medical doctors can be using music as therapy to help lower heart rates and to allow people relax in modern medicine. If there is a way for music to control heart rate and blood pressure, it could be used as a treatment for heart diseases or just trying to bring down a high heart rate and blood pressure during a procedure. Materials and Methods: This experiment did not have very many materials that needed to be used. There was a stop watch(minute, second, millisecond), a blood pressure cuff(sphygmomanometer), speakers, and an ipod with an assortment of music genre(however only two songs were used in this experiment(Merzbow Noise and Mozart)). First off, you would put the pressure cuff onto one of the people in the paired up groups and allow them to settle. After that is done, the music is turned on(first run is soft music(in this case, Mozart)). When 30 seconds elapses, a measurement of the blood pressure and heart rate needs to be taken by pumping the sphygmomanometer up to 150 mm Hg and then stop to allow the pressure to be released for the machine to get a reading. When the sphygmomanometer shows a reading, record the heart rate and blood pressure(systolic over diastolic). And then repeat the entire process again at 90 seconds. After the data is recorded and the ipod is reset, the cuff is put on the other partner and the process is repeated while using the harder music(in this case, Merzbow). The second group however, has a run with hard music for the first two minutes then soft music for the last two minutes. The variables are the music and the order it is played. Also the different heart rates and blood pressure between each person. Three basal readings were taken and they are: HR1: 80, BP1: 146/80, HR2: 84, BP2 143/87, HR3 85, BP3 122/75.(HR- heart rate, BP, blood pressure(systolic/diastolic)) After the other readings are taken, there is a t test taken to see if any of the readings had statistical value using a TI-83 plus graphing calculator that has a simple sample t test program on it. Results: This experiment was to test the effects of music on heart rate and blood pressure. The results that came up after the experiment was over is that despite the type of music played in either order, the values of heart rate and blood pressure went down. During the experiment, the heart rate of most people were high, probably due to the stress of class. However, as the music started playing(either type of music Merzbow or Mozart) the heart rate and blood pressure went down in general. However, there was a more significant drop when the classical music was played. The graphs and the table show averaged data points from the raw data. Group 1 Group 2 Basal Heart Rate 76.85 74.56 Systolic 114.33 111.83 Diastolic 70.47 70.14 T Test Mozart(1st) Merzbow(1st) Heart Rate 0h 0m 30s 66.56 0h 0m 30s 65.92 Noise 0h 1m 30s 69.73 0h 1m 30s 67.17 0h 0m 30s Merzbow(2nd) Mozart(2nd) HR   Ã‚  t = 0.4866 0h 0m 30s 67.27 0h 0m 30s 64.58   Ã‚  df = 20   Ã‚  standard error of difference = 4.857 0h 1m 30s 67.73 0h 1m 30s 65.58 SBP   t = 0.1883 Systolic Mozart(1st) Merzbow(1st)   Ã‚  df = 10 0h 0m 30s 111.89 0h 0m 30s 113.17   Ã‚  standard error of difference = 4.827 0h 1m 30s 108.55 0h 1m 30s 112.42 DBP t = 1.2785 Merzbow(2nd) Mozart(2nd)   Ã‚  df = 10 0h 0m 30s 111.45 0h 0m 30s 113.50   Ã‚  standard error of difference = 3.626 0h 1m 30s 110.73 0h 1m 30s 109.67 Diastolic Mozart(1st) Merzbow(1st) 0h 0m 30s 67.90 0h 0m 30s 69.43 0h 1m 30s 71.27 0h 1m 30s 68.83 Merzbow(2nd) Mozart(2nd) 0h 0m 30s 74.55 0h 0m 30s 69.17 0h 1m 30s 71.00 0h 1m 30s 69.42 On some of the points on the data table(figure 1), especially the averaged heart rates actually got higher ,but only after the heart rate dropped from the base basal ratings. Also in a few of the graphs(mainly figure 5), there had seem to be an increase in the readings, but as stated before this could be due to outliers. According to the T Test that is preformed and showed in figure 1, this is exactly the case. Discussion: This experiment was conducted in order to figure out the effects of music on heart rate and pressure on people. My hypothesis was that the louder, more disorganized music would raise heart rate and blood pressure. The softer, more organized music would lower it. The results of the experiment showed that this is not the case. On the contrary, all of the music seemed to have lowered the blood pressure and the heart rate. But there were some averaged values which showed a little higher blood pressure and heart rates but this can be discredited due to the already high blood pressure and heart rates of some people, and when you average together these outliers with the average group, it will raise the average up. However, there was a more significant decrease of heart rate and blood pressure when the Mozart was playing in general if looking at the raw data. This could have been from the environment and the allowance of being able to relax in a stressful environment despite the music(i.e. b eing able to do nothing in a busy class room). The data showed that there were actually some higher blood pressures and heart rates. Another way to do this is to find people who are already relaxed and to measure their blood pressure and heart rate then. Then play music and see if there is a change when a variety of music is played. But according to Bernardi, Porta and Sleight meditative music can induce a relaxing effect which is actually corresponding to tempo(Bernardi et al. 2010). So if this was the case then the loud music should have the opposite effect as shown by Sakamotos experiment where they tested high intensity peaks in music and how it raised blood pressure due to the intense variation(Sakamoto 2002). There was no change in the data that was recorded. The equipment could have not been calibrated since there is a need to calibrate the electronic machines every once in awhile. Also there needed to be a longer period of time to listen to the music. Two minutes to listen t o a song is not likely to have a very big effect on anyone. The whole song should have been played to really see the effects of music. Lastly there needs to be more participants. Due to the low number of participants, there was not any statistically significant results as result of the t test. After this experiment the following conclusion can be inferred, that music does not have a predominant effect on heart rate and blood pressure and if there had to be a result, then all music would lower heart rate and blood pressure. Work Cited Chafin, Sky, Christenfeld, Nicholas, Gerin, William, Roy, Michael. 2004. Music can facilitate blood pressure recovery from stress. British Journal of Healthy Psychology. 393. Iwanaga, Makoto PhD., Moroki, Youko. 1999. Stbjective and Physiological Responses to Music Stimul Controlled Over Activity and Preference. Journal of Music Therapy XXXVI. 26-38. L. Bernardi, C. Porta, P. Sleight. Cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and respiratory changes induced by different types of music in musicians and non-musicians: the importance of silence. http://heart.bmj.com/content/92/4/445.full?maxtoshow=HITS=10hits=10RESULTFORMAT=fulltext=music+sleightandorexactfulltext=andsearchid=1FIRSTINDEX=0sortspec=relevanceresourcetype=HWCIT. September 26th, 2010. Sakamoto, H., Psycho-circulatory Responses caused by Listening to Music, and Exposure to Fluctuation Noise or Steady Noise, The Journal of Sound and Vibration, 5 September, 2002. V 250(1), 23-29. Sokoloski, Erica Smith, Weedman, Donna. 2009. Biology of Organisms 5th Edition. Ohio: Cengage Learning.

Art, Literature And Society From 1955-1970 Essay -- essays research pa

Fear and Loathing in a Clockwork AgeAh! The noble search for identity. That intangible achievement that all artists lust after and lay in torment over. And during the post war era that struggle reached incredible magnitudes. The world cried out for legions of anti-heroes, who were only virtuous in their unapologetic and brutally honest lack of virtue. And the art world provided as many counter culture messiahs as was needed to "Damn the Man". The Beats, hippies, and punks are evidence that behind the white picket fence of suburbia lay an America that wanted more out of life than the sugar coated portrayals of domesticity and patriotism it received from pop culture. The unfortunate side of authenticity often lead to the conclusion that autonomy was an impossible dream and that just mere existence required an individual to compromise his integrity. The post-war generation developed an interesting love-hate relationship with the mass culture of it’s time. Some, like Andy Warhol, embraced the inevitability of mass culturalization in order to control the beast (yes, this is a reference to Revelations). While others recognized the American Dream as being a hypocrisy and so chose the Golden Eternity instead.The Beat generation and early hippies sought to separate themselves from mainstream society where they believed they could start anew and fully experience life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. The flower child p hilosophy was in fact very Transcendental, minus the stuffy New England mentality. The sexual, spiritual, and intellectual freedom and autonomy that characterized the Haight-Ashberry scene were closer to the Whitmanesque ideal than anything achieved during his life time. Postwar America was extremely prosperous from the stand point of the middle class white suburbanite. The only problem was that not everyone fit that mold. And even those who were born into that environment often found it’s conventions limiting and unfufilling. At home the issues facing minorities went, for the most part, ignored. Jim Crow laws were allowed to stand in the south until major Supreme Court decisions like Brown v. Board of Education declared segregation to be unconstitutional. But even still that did not solve the problem of good old fashioned prejudice, which was as rampant as ever. And not every woman was delighted to once again be her husband’s hous... ...ller: Rock and Roll in the Age of Celebrity. New York: St.Martins Press.1990Bessman, Jim. Ramones: An American Band. New York: St.Martins Press. 1993Doyle, Jennifer, Jonathan Flatley, and Jose Munoz. Pop Out: Queer Warhol. Durham and London: Duke University Press.1996Banes, Sally. Greenich Village 1963. Durham and London: Duke University Press.1993Lippard, Lucy R. Pop Art. London: Thames and Hudson.1985Milbank, Caroline. New York Fashion: The Evolution of American Style. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc. Publishers.1989All Other SourcesAli, Tariq, Susan Watkins.1968: Marching in the Streets. New York: Free Press.1998Allen, Donald M.ed. The New American Poetry. New York: Groves Press.1960Burgess, Anthony.A Clockwork Orange. New York: Ballatine Books.1963De Castelbajac, Kate. The Face of a Century:100 Years of Makeup and Style. New York: Rizzoli.1995Dodd, David. The Annotated Grateful Dead Lyrics: A Web Site. <a href="http://arts.ucsc.edu/gdead/agdl/#songs">http://art s.ucsc.edu/gdead/agdl/#songs. June 1, 1999Piccoli, Sean. The Grateful Dead. Philidelphia: Chelsea House Publishers.1997Thompson, Hunter S.Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas. New York: Vintage Books, a Division

My Power of Prayer :: Autobiography Essay, Personal Narrative

The power of prayer is an amazing thing. In sports it is not uncommon to see someone pointing to the sky after a touchdown, or a team prayer before a big game. While I was running cross-country in high school I came across many obstacles. I had to ignore people telling me, â€Å"cross-country’s not a real sport,† or â€Å"why don’t you do a real sport like football?† I did not have much experience in cross-country running; therefore, I experienced doubt and lack of self-confidence at some points. I started running when I was a senior in high school. I made it through the first couple of races all right, but began to get angry at myself because I was not improving at the rate I had wanted to. I was very excited for the season and often found myself distraught when I did not do well and I could not understand what the problem was. I always assumed that if a person runs fast one day, he/she should run faster the next day. In addition to the internal pressure I put on myself during my tenure as an athlete, I felt a lot of outside pressure. My uncles, who are currently high school coaches near me, were high school standouts in the sport and ran extremely well in college. I always thought that if I did not perform at the level that was expected, I would be looked down upon. Of course that was not the case, but I always wanted to impress them. I remember running in one invitational which both of them attended. I put such a tremendous amount of pressure on myself to perform that I ended up getting a cramp in my side, causing me to run one of the worst races of my life. I found myself asking why this would happen. Therefore, I decided to start training very hard for my next race, even though it was only a small race against a weaker team. I found myself very relaxed and ran a comfortable race. I finished with amazement, because I had dropped my best time by about twenty seconds. For the first time, I had broken the seventeen-minute mark for a five kilometer race. I immediately thought of my uncles; how great would it be to tell them about the race?

Robotics Essay -- essays research papers fc

Robotics The image usually thought of by the word robot is that of a mechanical being, somewhat human in shape. Common in science fiction, robots are generally depicted as working in the service of people, but often escaping the control of the people and doing them harm. The word robot comes from the Czech writer Karel Capek's 1921 play â€Å" R.U.R.† (which stands for "Rossum's Universal Robots"), in which mechanical beings made to be slaves for humanity rebel and kill their creators. From this, the fictional image of robots is sometimes troubling, expressing the fears that people may have of a robotized world over which they cannot keep control. The history of real robots is rarely as dramatic, but where developments in robotics may lead is beyond our imagination. Robots exist today. They are used in a relatively small number of factories located in highly industrialized countries such as the United States, Germany, and Japan. Robots are also being used for scientific research, in military programs, and as educational tools, and they are being developed to aid people who have lost the use of their limbs. These devices, however, are for the most part quite different from the androids, or humanlike robots, and other robots of fiction. They rarely take human form, they perform only a limited number of set tasks, and they do not have minds of their own. In fact, it is often hard to distinguish between devices called robots and other modern automated systems. Although the term robot did not come into use until the 20th century, the idea of mechanical beings is much older. Ancient myths and tales talked about walking statues and other marvels in human and animal form. Such objects were products of the imagination and nothing more, but some of the mechanized figures also mentioned in early writings could well have been made. Such figures, called automatons, have long been popular. For several centuries, automatons were as close as people came to constructing true robots. European church towers provide fascinating examples of clockwork figures from medieval times, and automatons were also devised in China. By the 18th century, a number of extremely clever automatons became famous for a while. Swiss craftsman ... ...ng time. Research into developing mobile, autonomous robots is of great value. It advances robotics, aids the comparative study of mechanical and biological systems, and can be used for such purposes as devising robot aids for the handicapped. As for the thinking androids of the possible future, the well-known science-fiction writer Isaac Asimov has already laid down rules for their behavior. Asimov's first law is that robots may not harm humans either through action or inaction. The second is that they must obey humans except when the commands conflict with the first law. The third is that robots must protect themselves except, again, when this comes into conflict with the first law. Future androids might have their own opinions about these laws, but these issues must wait their time. Bibliography Buckley, Ruth V. "Robot." Grolier Electronic Publishing, Inc. 1993. Gibilisco, Stan. The McGraw-Hill Illustrated Encyclopedia of Robotics and Artificial Intelligence. McGraw-Hill, Inc. New York, 1994. Warring, R. H. Robots and Robotology. Tab Books Inc. Blue Ridge Summit, Pa. 1984. And various sites on the internet.

Case Study on Sumitomo Corporation Essay

1.Case Study on Sumitomo Corporation on Derivative Losses and Lesson Learned 1.1Introduction Sumitomo Corporation was top in market in copper business in the world prior to 1996 in term of trading size and it operations. Copper business is part of their portfolio and it was delegated to Yasuo Hamanaka who was the Head of Copper Trading and he was engaged in illegal copper trading and faced extensive losses and massive cover-up. As the result of this loses, he attempted to avoid losses many times. This was against the rules and regulation of the London Metal Exchange (LME). LME created new regulation to prevent the market domination, as the result of this; he faced losses on his operations. There were two malfunctions recorded; he maintained two types of books, one is to showing big profit, and the second one is to keep secrete account, unauthorized trades over 10 years. No one except Hamanaka was not aware of accumulated loss of $ 1800 million. 1.2Background of the Company Sumitomo Corporation is one of the subsidiaries of Sumitomo Group which is one of top 5 â€Å"Sogo Shosha† general trading in Japan. It has 120 overseas branches in 65 countries, and having diversified business of Metal, Mineral Resources, Energy, Chemical & Electronic and Infrastructure. Copper Department is one of the departments in Copper Corporation which is owned Mineral Resources, Energy, Chemical & Electronic Business unit. In 1800s, Sumitomo Corporation was diversified the business into Sumitomo Bank, Sumitomo Metals, and Sumitomo Corporation. In 1980, they obtained strong position & positive reputation in the Copper market. Competition in Copper industry was very high; Copper was traded on LME listed in London and COMEX in USA. Copper was placed 3rd used Metal after Iron & Aluminum. There were two types of market participants i.e. one is supplier who does physical supply, and the second is speculators who arbitrage deal without delivery. Sumitomo was acted as speculator and after acquiring mines in Philippines in 1984, Sumitomo changed from speculator to supplier. After 1988, they made of $3 to 4 million profit and they followed cost leadership strategy which caused huge loss because of having high inventory while declining demand. LME is popular for providing spot and future markets where clearing systems reduce counter party risks. The delivery would be taken place for the authorized warehouses and storage facility. The specification of copper would be included i.e. quality, trading unit, price quotation, trading month, minimum fluctuation, and tick value. The copper contract would meet the following conditions i.e. counter party information is open, and delivery condition is by the party, not LME. Yasuo Hamanaka was the Chief/Head of Copper Corporation. He was committed wrongful Act during the 1985-1996. He was referred as by many Mr. Five percent/Mr. Copper. He traded 0.5 million metric tons per year which was the 5 % of total world demand and having experience of 23 years in copper trading. 1.3Sumitomo Copper Scandals From 1985, Hamanaka lost a total of $1800 million. He executed as many as $20 billion worth of unauthorized trades a year. His main strategy was the â€Å"short squeeze†. The future market was particularly vulnerable to manipulation since the market volume was relatively small. By buying up futures and choosing physical delivery, future seller ended up buying copper in a spot market, which resulted in backwardation: the spot price is higher than the forward price. As far as LME concern, it considers only the inventory in their authorized warehouses. If someone moves away from copper inventory outside of an authorized warehouse, LME inventory appear to decrease and therefore, copper price rise due to a perceived tight supply in the market. Hamanaka implemented such strategy because of all his illegal trades was not booked, but is clear that this was a possible way to induce backwardation. In December of 1991, the LME decidbed to set new regulations that would limit the range of backwardation within 25 pounds to prevent market manipulation. Backwardation shrunk to almost $0 or even negative, thus causing a huge loss in Sumitomo’s portfolio. To recoup the loss, he conducted a Radr transaction in June 1993, but at the end he ended up closing their Radr position and incurred a $1.1 billion loss. Hamanaka tried to recoup the loss by increasing the trade volume and made a contract with Winchester for1 million metric tons over two years at the price of $2,800, however, due to price declines, the loss kept expanding. Hamanaka’s next step was to create an option portfolio named â€Å"Radr† transactions. He made six different transactions in Radr. The counterparty of these transactions was Credit Lyonnais Rouse (â€Å"CLR†, currently Calyon Group). Since the position held by CLR was large and caused backwardation, LME tightened the backwardation limit to $5 in September 8 1993. In addition, LME informed Credit Lyonnais that they were to cancel part of their transactions with Sumitomo on September 17th,, Thus resulting in a $1.16 billion loss for Sumitomo. ïÆ'Ëœ1st: In June 25, 1993, Hamanaka buys call option with an average price of $2,400 and which expires after 2 years. The transaction is totally irregular because the total volume was 1 million metric tons as compared to all LME inventory of 0.5 million. The portfolio could make a profit if the price went up to $2,480. To pay a premium of $69 million, Hamanaka made a 2nd trade. ïÆ'Ëœ2nd: Hamanaka made a short strangle, combination by selling a 0.5 million $2,100 call and $1,900 put option. The portfolio could make a profit if the price remained between $1,900 and $2,140. From this transaction, he got $94 million of premium and paid for the 1st option. With 1st and 2nd strategy, total breakeven was $2,700. ïÆ'Ëœ3rd: Selling future at a price of $2,000 which increased payoff to around $1,900. ïÆ'Ëœ4th: Buying 1.35 million metric tons of $1,750 put, breakeven was $1,580. He predicted that the copper price would go down below $1,600 level. ïÆ'Ëœ5th: Buying 1.35 million metric tons of $1,800 put again, breakeven was changed to $1,680. This portfolio could make a profit slightly if the price went down below $1,700 level. ïÆ'Ëœ6th: Selling 1.2 million metric tons of $1,950 call to get $29 millions of premium. With this transaction, breakeven was changed to $1,680. However, if the copper price exceeded $1,950, Sumitomo suffered a huge loss. 1.4Lesson Learned from Sumitomo Case The Sumitomo Case explains following lessons base on internal control and risk management prospective, and it believed that if controls were in place, losses would have been detected much earlier. (a)Management Level Control: Sumitomo Corporation failed to execute a risk management practices and they believed the expertise and specialized knowledge of Hamanaka. The essence of the problem was unauthorized trading that the culprit undertook to enhance his firm’s profitability and then his own career and pay. Hamanaka tries to cover up the losses through taking more risk that end up with further losses. Setting up corporate discipline and sound Management structure is important to manage the risks. (b)Independent Transaction Monitoring: Sumitomo should create a separate and independent supervisor system within the company hierarchy to avoid these agency issues; specifically the issues between recording and checking procedures. Segregation of duties is important to prevent the malpractices. Middle and bank office should be totally separated from the front office.   (c)Corporate Responsibility: We should also consider corporate responsibility with regard to timely reporting. In the Sumitomo case, the management waited ten days until issuing a press release. Sumitomo needed some time to calculate their losses; they could have avoided additional declines in copper prices that were caused because of the rumors and uncertainty in the market. (d)Government Regulations: The regulatory agency should execute more stringent rules on the derivatives market to avoid price manipulation and impose new regulations on corporate reporting obligations so as to provide investors and other market participants with greater information regarding the organization’s willingness to take risks and capability to manipulate market prices. The official and market pressures of stringent regulation will strengthen the internal auditing and information systems of many firms and provide a check against possible management discretions. 2.Case study on the Orange Country on Derivatives Losses & Lessons Learned The purpose of this case is to explain how a municipal lost $1.6 billion in the financial market. In December 1994 Orange County stunned the market by announcing that its investment pool had suffered a loss of $ 1.6 billion this was the largest loss ever recorded by local government investment pool and led to the bankruptcy of the county shortly thereafter. The loss was the result of unsupervised investment activity of the Bob Citron, the county treasure who was dealing with the $ 7.5 billion portfolio belonging to the county schools, cities, special districts, and county itself. In the tome of fiscal restrains Citron was viewed as a wizard who could painlessly generate greater results to the investors. Citron generate 2% higher than the comparable state pool Figure 01 citron’s track record Citron was able to increase returns on the pool by investing in derivatives securities and leveraging the port folio to the hit. The pool was such demand due to its track record that citron had turn down investments by agencies outside Orange County. Some local schools districts and cities even issued short term taxable notes to the investment in the pool by increasing the leverage even further. For that there was a repeated public warning, which was by notably by John Moorlach, who ran for treasurer in 1994, that the pool was too risky. Unfortunately, he was widely ignored by Citron when he was re elected. The investment strategy worked excellently until 1994, when fed started a series of interest rate hikes that caused severe losses to the pool. Initially it was announced as a paper loss. Shortly thereafter, the county declared bankrupts and decided to liquidate the portfolio. This occurred because citron expect that interest rates would fall or stay the same, the citrons main purpose was to increase income by exploitation that the fact that medium term maturities had higher yield than short term investments. On Dec 1993, for instance short term yields were less than 3%, while 5year yield were around 5.2% .which such positive sloped term structure of interest tares , the tendency maybe to increase the duration of the investment to pick up extra yield . The boost, of cause comes at the expense of great risk .the strategy went as long as interest rates went down. In February’94 however the Federal Reserve Bank starred a series of six consecutive interest rate increases, which led to a bloodbath in the bond market. The larger duration led to a $1.6 billion loss 2.1. Lessons Learned from Orange Country Case Due to the activities of Bob Citron the municipality lost $1.6 billion in financial markets. Therefore, it is essential to understand the lessons to be learnt from the Orange Country case. (a). No autocratic decisions should make in investment activities Bob Citron was investing the funds owned by the taxpayers in risky securities in Wall Street as per his own interest. Since he managed to generate higher returns for the funds invested in the early stages Citron was viewed as a wizard. This made him over confident on his actions which resulted in huge losses at the end. When the leverage increase due to these activities Bob Citron, the treasurer was warned by John Moorlach thath the pool was too risky. However, counter arguments were widely ignored and Citron was re-appointed as the treasurer. (b). Local governments need to maintain high standards for fiscal oversight and accountability. As noted in the state auditor’s report following the bankruptcy, a number of steps should be taken to ensure that local funds are kept safe and liquid. These include having the Board of Supervisors approve the county’s investment fund policies, appointing an independent advisory committee to oversee investment decisions, requiring more frequent and detailed investment reports from the county treasurer, and establishing stricter rules for selecting brokers and investment advisors. Local officials should adjust government structures to make sure they have the proper financial controls in place at all times. (c). State government should closely monitor the fiscal conditions of its local governments, rather than wait for serious problems to surface The state controller collects budget data from county governments and presents them in an annual report. These data should be systematically analyzed to determine which counties show abnormal patterns of revenues or expenditures or signs of fiscal distress. State leaders should discuss fiscal problems and solutions with local officials before the situation reaches crisis stage. (d). Always aware of the negative side on risky investments The treasurer was assuming that interest rates would fall or stay low when he goes for huge investment activities. However, when the things moved the opposite direction and the interest rates went up the pool suffered severe losses. Therefore, always be cautious when making predictions on market phenomena. (e). Use proper statistical risk assessing methods before invest in securities An investor could use a proper risk assessment method such as Value At Risk (VAR) method to assess the market risk of the portfolio. VAR is the maximum loss over a target horizon such that there is a low, pre specified probability that the actual loss will be larger. Therefore, shareholder and managers can decide whether they feel comfortable with the given level of risk. 3.Case study on the Procter & Gamble on Derivatives Losses & Lessons Learned Procter & Gamble Co. is a Fortune 500, American global corporation based in Cincinnati, Ohio, that manufactures a wide range of consumer goods. In late 1993, Proctor & Gamble financial managers, well known for actively managing their interest costs, expected interest rates to drop and went to Bankers Trust searching for aggressive interest rate swaps that would allow them to profit on these expectations. P&G told to Bankers Trust about ways of replacing a fixed-to floating swap that was maturing. P&G’s specific objective was to negotiate a new $100 million swap that would †¢Again put it in the position of paying floating rates and †¢Squeeze these to a minimum. Specifically, the company wanted to pay 40 basis points (0.4 of 1%) less than its standard, upper-crust commercial paper rate (then about 3.25% for six-month paper). Bankers Trust responded with a highly levered, extremely risky, and extremely complex five-year interest-rate swap agreement. In this the P&G had to pay 75 basis points less than rate of Commercial Paper, if the interest rates of 30 years and 5 years treasury bills will remain constant or go down. Five-year Treasury rates rose from 5% in early November 1993 to 6.7% on May 4, 1994. P&G’s other benchmark, 30-year Treasury rates, went from about 6% to 7.3%. Because of large duration the effect of rise in interest rate on long term bonds was very high. When interest rates headed up, Proctor & Gamble’s treasurer realized the magnitude of the company’s potential derivatives losses and decided to get out of the swap. Because of the intricate complexities and linked derivatives of the agreement, however, P&G lost $157 million to lock-in interest rates (which were 1,412 basis points (14.12%) above the commercial paper rate) in only six months of a five year contract. When interest rates headed up, Bankers’ trust entered into another contract with P& G- a wedding band. When this strategy also failed, it led P& G to pay even higher rate of interest from 14.12% above Commercial Paper (CP) to 16.40% above CP. CEO Edwin Artzt, called the swaps â€Å"a violation of the company’s policy against speculative financial transactions† and banned all leveraged swaps. As the Bankers Trust had suggested the contracts, P& G blamed them for the losses. 3.1Lesson Learned from Procter & Gamble Case The Procter and Gamble Case explains following, (a)Legal dispute between P&G and Bankers: Therein lies the crux of the legal dispute between P&G and Bankers. P&G claims that before the swaps were signed, Bankers repeatedly assured it that in the early stages of the swaps, the company would be able to do lock-ins at acceptable prices. Court papers, in fact, include letters from Bankers that make such assurances, though these consistently cite assumptions of stable or only slightly rising rates. P&G says, however, that on one occasion it â€Å"pointedly† asked the Bankers Trust person with whom it was dealing what the lock-in situation on the first swap would be if rates and volatility were not â€Å"stable.† The answer, P&G says, was that â€Å"possible changes in rates or volatilities would not have a material or significant effect† on the company’s lock-in position. (b) Purpose of Deliveries: A P&G spokeswoman stressed that the transaction was â€Å"speculative and goes outside the P&G policy of conservatively managing our debt portfolio.† Asked whether the company’s treasury was expected to be a profit center. In a speech, William J. McDonough, president of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, warned that top managements of financial and nonfinancial companies have a responsibility to understand and constantly monitor derivative markets when their companies are involved in them. Also Mr. McDonough said. â€Å"To put it simply and directly, if the bosses do not or cannot understand both the risks and the rewards in their products, their firm should not be in the business.† 4.Case study on the Showa Shell Sekiyu on Derivatives Lossess & Lessons Learned Showa Shell Sekiyu is one of Japan’s leading oil refining companies and is engaged in producing gasoline, diesel fuel, fuel oil, kerosene, lubricants etc. It was established in 1876 under Samuel Samuel & Co, and was later became a subsidiary of Royal Dutch Shell group, in 1985. And presently, 50% of shares are owned by Royal Dutch Shell Group. In the year 1993, the Company made history by making approximately USD 1.4 Bn with unauthorized forward currency transactions. As an oil importer, company imported crude oil in US Dollars and sold the end products in Yen. Showa Shell had been used to hedge a proportion of its currency exposure using foreign exchange forward contracts. In 1989, company entered into a series of forward options where it agreed to buy dollars forward at an average rate of USD 145. Over the next few years Yen strengthened ageist the dollar. However, at the time of maturing of these contracts, the foreign exchange rate was at USD 125, indicating a difference of USD 20 or a drop of approximately 14%. But, treasury department of the company decided not to recognize the losses and chose to roll over the forwards using historical rates, without appropriate internal authority. And consequently, the actual losses made were concealed within the new forward contracts, and this actually meant that the company was borrowing money under the guise of forward contracts. This practice or rather malpractice was continued until the end of 1992, and at that time the company had in excess of USD 6.4 Bn of forward contracts on their accounts, and out of this, it was revealed by the management of the company that hidden financial losses were USD 1.4 Bn. And the losses amounted to more than five times of its annual oil import at that time. Four senior executives of the company had resigned following the discovery of unauthorized currency dealing including, Kiyoshi Takahashi chairman of Showa, Takeshi Hemmi the president, who took responsibility for the dealings that resulted in the huge losses. The resignations were made as shell, one of the biggest world oil groups , reported a 28% decline in net profits. Main reason for the losses was that treasury department of the company, entering into unauthorized forward currency transactions, with the expectation of US Dollar to rise against Yen, and attention was not given to the fact of worsening the situation in case of Yen strengthening against Yen. John Jennings, then Shell Group managing director, had stated that, an unauthorized currency speculation was like â€Å"A gross contravention of established rules and practices which was deliberately canceled†. The continued dealings that were made were the result of one treasury manager trying to recoup losses amounting to single figure millions, incurred during normal course of his job, although with failures in attempts made, continues dealings were made by exposing the company to increasingly large exchange rate risks. 4.1Lessons Learned from Showa Shell Sekiyu Case These huge losses made, forced the company to focus on more tight internal controls and focus on the importance of having internal controls. Although defining of risk limits is not necessarily provide results, if proper controlling is not there to take corrective measures, in case of deviations. And furthermore, it is never advantageous to assume that market fluctuations can be predicted accurately, at all times. And if being successful in the past, it can purely be due to luck and it does not guarantee that next time would be the same. Company incurred the losses on the assumption of currency value increasing rather than decreasing. The purpose of using derivatives is to hedge the risk and not to make profits by speculating and speculators take huge risks, rather than hedging risks. Company should have focused on the fact of maintaining their crude oil import price by mitigating exchange rate risks by using the forward contracts. If a loss is made in the process of trying to maintain price level, although losses are made in the profit and loss account, the objective of maintaining price level is still achieved. This fact is very important in dealing with derivatives and should not make harsh judgments on losses made when trying to maintain price level. It is difficult to measure the exact point, where, the hedging of risks ends and being speculative starts. And in Showa case, treasury department of the company, who were there to hedge risk, had dealt as a speculator and without adhering to the internal controls and not obtaining proper approval for its dealings. In addition, it took more than four years to recognize this malpractice by the higher authorities, which pin points the lack of transparency in accounting practices. And it was blamed by some experts on the Japanese accounting system, since the dealings were not identified earlier. And the dealings were only revealed by chance, during a conversation between a Japanese bank manager and Showa manager.

Proposed Vibration Monitoring And Analysis Engineering Essay

Vibration is a broad capable country that has continued to pull research over the old ages because of its import in about every aspect of daily life. From aircraft patterning to constructing design in temblor prone parts of the universe ; from plus status monitoring in assorted industrial workss to wheel reconciliation and alliance at the local auto garage, an application of the cognition of quiver rules can be observed. The quiver of an object can merely be referred to as the oscillating motion of that object about a average equilibrium place. The gesture is brought approximately by the application of some force or excitement. Common illustrations of this phenomenon include the gesture of plucked guitar strings, the gesture of tuning forks, and the shaking felt at the station floor when a train base on ballss, the agitating observed on the route when a heavy truck base on ballss or the rattle of the route workers ‘ impact cock. Some quiver nevertheless is non every bit pronounced as the illustrations given. For case houses and Bridgess vibrate every bit good. Normally, these quivers can non be detected by simply looking. When the excitement is big plenty, the vibrational gesture can be seen and this would likely ensue in the prostration of the construction. From the foregoing, it can be seen that some quiver is utile while some is destructive. The failure or devastation brought about by quiver is non an immediate 1. Vibration finally leads to a fatigue failure and this should be of involvement to the operators and upholders of works equipment. For the care applied scientist or plus direction practician, these facts about quiver can be translated to intelligent and informed determinations for industrial workss. With legion different devices, quiver degrees on works equipment can be detected, measured and recorded. It is possible to analyze the informations collected to find the status of an plus and even predict an at hand failure. All revolving or stationary works equipment have acceptable quiver degrees stipulated by criterions such as the International Organization for Standardization ( ISO ) Codes or developed in-house by Vibration Monitoring Engineers. A divergence from the acceptable quiver degrees is an indicant of the oncoming of impairment which is unwanted. This cognition gives insight into the existent status of a piece of equipment, eliminates guessing and enables the care applied scientist to be after a fitting response to the plus ‘s impairment. Such control and planning can take to a immense economy in care costs, prevent unneeded downtime, better safety and public presentation for any plus. Furthermore, quiver monitoring and analysis incorporates some advanced techniques for the find of the root cause of frequent machinery failures. Using these techniques can intend the difference between changeless dislocations and good plus handiness. It is the aim of this study to supply a clear cut proposal as to how to work out the job of the frequent failures of the Yoho High Pressure ( H.P. ) Flare Scrubber Pumps by the application of these advanced quiver analysis techniques and besides supply a method for supervising the status of the pump to pre-empt any impairment that can jump surprises. This will guarantee a decrease in present care costs and relieve the work load of care forces whose clip is tied up with the attention of these pumps. Case Study and job Description The Yoho H.P. Flare Scrubber pumps are perpendicular, turbine, submerged pumps that transfer cured liquids from the Flare Scrubber vas to the chief petroleum oil production heading on the Yoho offshore oil and gas installing. The pumps are submerged in barrels that receive provender from the H.P. scrubber vas by gravitation. The cured liquid is a mixture of H2O and light petroleum oil. There are three pumps on skid and these pumps are critical to works operations. One pumps runs at a clip and an extra pump or the other two pumps can be put in service, if the demand arise due to an increasing degree of liquid in the H.P. Flare Scrubber. In the event of an outage of all three pumps, the works could lose production to the melody of one hundred 1000 barrels of rough oil per twenty-four hours ( 4100 barrels/hour ) . The pumps were commissioned in 2006 at works start-up and hold had legion failures since. They have proven undependable and soon a contractor ‘s pumps ( which are portable and of a different design ) , are relied upon to execute their map. There have been occasions when all three pumps are in a province of disrepair. These pumps normally run swimmingly for a piece and so go noisy, vibrate and eventually neglect. After a pump fails, it is taken out of the hole, sent to the shore-base for fix, sent back to the platform for reinstallation and so reinstalled. Probes of the legion failure instances reveal that the pump bearings, riser line drives and bushings have worn out given room for shaft drama, impeller harm and mechanical seal failure. Installation, fix and rebuild processs have been scrutinized and checked for quality. This has non yielded any dividends nevertheless, as the pumps maintain neglecting after two or three months in service. Fig. 1. overleaf shows a cut-away subdivision of the pumps. The diagram is supplied by the makers but is simplified as the existent H.P. Flare Scrubber pump has six impellers, a top column of 11inches length, two intermediate columns of 30 inches length, a bottom column of 30 inches length, and a pump bowl assembly of 36.25 inches length. The length of the pumps makes it hard for remotion and installing and as such care practicians, works operators and works direction have been invariably distressed by the frequent failure of these pumps. Fig. 1. Gould Pump Model VIC-T ( beginning ITT-Gould Product catalogue, [ online ] www.gouldspumps.com/pump_VIC.html [ Accessed 6th May 2010 ] Pump Specification Manufacturer: ITT-Gould Head shaft Length: 129 Inchs Head shaft Diameter: 1 Inch Seal Method: Mechanical Sealing wax Drive: 40 HP Electric Motor Differential Pressure: 200 Pounds per square inch Capacity: 180 Gallons per Minute Revolutions per minute: 3000 Impeller: 5 Weathervanes, Enclosed Failure and Maintenance History The tabular array below shows the failures and some care activities performed on the three H.P. Flare Scrubber Pumps over a biennial period. The rows 69, 71, 72, 90,91,97,98,102,103 and 110 show times when none of the three pumps were operational. The cost of this inaccessibility of the pumps is multiplex. It ranges from the loss of production of about one hundred 1000 barrels of rough oil per twenty-four hours, to punishments for non-compliance with environmental ordinances and most significantly, safety.Signal-to-noise ratioDateEVENT/ACTIVITYEQUIPMENT TAGNO. OF PUMPS AVAILABLECOMMENTS/ FINDINGS1 11-Jan-06 HP Flare Scrubber Pump B Auto Operation job YP-G-180 3A2 12-Jan-06 Trouble-shooting of LSLL-6207 on HP Flare Scrubber YP-G-180 3A3 1-Mar-06 PM on HP Flare Scrubber Pumps A and B YP-G-180A/B 3A411-Mar-06Pumps Operation StartedYP-G-180A/B /CAEarliest recorded day of the month of petroleum and produced H2O motion with YP installations5 5-Jun-06 Test-run HP Flare Scrubber Pump C with quiver group, QIT to find cause of inordinate quiver YP-G-180C 3 Expecting consequence 6 7-Jun-06 Investigating cause of inordinate quiver on HP Flare Scrubber Pump C YP-G-180C 3 Vibration traced to damaged Mech. Sealing wax 7 9-Jun-06 Removed HP Flare Scrubber Pump C for fixs YP-G-180C 2A8 9-Jun-06 Unblocked strainers on HP Flare Scrubber Pumps A & A ; B YP-G-180A/B 2A9 12-Jun-06 Rectified hapless discharge and noisy operation on HP Flare Scrubber Pumps A & A ; B YP-G-180A/B 2A10 19-Jun-06 PM on HP Flare Scrubber Pump A YP-G-180AAA11 3-Jul-06 Completed installing of HP Flare Scrubber Pump C YP-G-180C 3A12 4-Jul-06 Removed HP Flare Scrubber Pump B for fixs in QIT YP-G-180B 2A13 15-Jul-06 Remove and clean HP Flare Scrubber Pump C suction strainer YP-G-180C 2A14 12-Aug-06 Remove and clean HP Flare Scrubber Pump C suction strainer YP-G-180C 2A15 24-Aug-06 Remove and clean HP Flare Scrubber Pumps A & A ; C suction strainer YP-G-180A/C 2A16 27-Aug-06 Rigged out HP Flare Scrubber Pump A and transferred to lading bay YP-G-180A 1A17 30-Aug-06 Rigged in HP Flare Scrubber Pump B after QIT fixs YP-G-180B 2A18 2-Sep-06 Removed shaft matching on HP Flare Scrubber pump B, removed motor and installed motor from pump Angstrom YP-G-180A/B 2 Electricians look intoing high electromotive force on motor 19 3-Sep-06 Transfer motor, pump and all associated parts from YP-G-180B to G-180A YP-G-180A/B 1A20 4-Sep-06 Installed pump caput, motor and shaft hub on HP Flare Scrubber Pump A YP-G-180A 1A21 5-Sep-06 Carried out matching runout cheques, impeller lift ( Reinstallation ) on pump Angstrom YP-G-180A 2A22 8-Sep-06 PM on HP Flare Scrubber Pump C YP-G-180C 2A23 11-Sep-06 Remove and clean HP Flare Scrubber Pump C suction strainer YP-G-180C 2A24 29-Oct-06 Bleed off gas from HP Flare Scrubber Pump C suction and discharge line YP-G-180C 2A25 12-Nov-06 Replacement of Mech. Seal on Pump C YP-G-180C 1A26 13-Nov-06 Removed HP Flare Scrubber Pump C for fixs in QIT YP-G-180C 1A27 28-Nov-06 Reinstallation of Pump C YP-G-180C 1A28 2-Dec-06 Completed installing of HP Flare Scrubber Pump C and test-ran it. YP-G-180C 2A29 21-Dec-06 PM on HP Flare Scrubber Pumps A and C YP-G-180A/C 2A30 6-Feb-07 Commenced installing of pump B YP-G-180B 2A31 7-Feb-07 Continued installing of pump B YP-G-180B 2 Expecting Mech. Sealing wax 32 24-Apr-07 Installation of Mech. Seal on Pump B YP-G-180B 2A33 25-Apr-07 Completed Mech. Seal Installation of Pump B YP-G-180B 3A34 28-Apr-07 Troubleshoot overload trip mistake on Pump B YP-G-180B 3A35 30-Apr-07 Rechecked alliance of Bump B YP-G-180B 3A36 1-May-07 Rectified overload trip on Pump B- cleaned recess strainer YP-G-180B 3 Discharge line was filled with sand and sludge 37 14-May-07 Mech. Seal replacing on Pump C YP-G-180C 2 Shaft worn around Mech Seal 38 15-May-07 Rigged out HP Flare Scrubber Pump C for fix at QIT YP-G-180C 2A39 27-May-07 Troubleshoot high quiver on Pump B YP-G-180B 2A40 30-May-07 Removed HP Flare Scrubber Pump B for fixs in QIT YP-G-180B 1A41 1-Jun-07 Assessed stuffs for stiff valves associated with pumps YP-G-180A/B /C 1A42 3-Jun-07 Reinstallation of Pump C YP-G-180C 1A43 6-Jun-07 Completed Pump C Installation YP-G-180C 2A44 7-Jul-07 Reinstallation of Pump B YP-G-180B 2A45 10-Jul-07 Completed Pump B Installation YP-G-180B 3A46 13-Jul-07 Troubleshoot frequent tripping of Pump B YP-G-180B 3 Electric motor job. This was fixed 47 21-Jul-07 Rigged out HP Flare Scrubber Pump A and transferred to lading bay YP-G-180A 2A48 22-Jul-07 Rigged out HP Flare Scrubber Pump B and installed in A barrel YP-G-180A/B 1 Pump B becomes Pump A 49 23-Jul-07 Alliance and commissioning of Pump A YP-G-180A 2A50 26-Jul-07 Remove and clean HP Flare Scrubber Pumps A & A ; C suction strainers YP-G-180A/C 2A51 10-Aug-07 Rigged out HP Flare Scrubber Pump A and transferred to lading bay YP-G-180A 1A52 17-Aug-07 Commenced installing of pump Angstrom YP-G-180A 1A53 18-Aug-07 Continued installing of pump Angstrom YP-G-180A 1A54 22-Aug-07 Alliance and commissioning of Pump A YP-G-180A 2A55 11-Sep-07 PM on HP Flare Scrubber Pump A YP-G-180A 2A56 17-Oct-07 Removal and resettlement of Pump A to Pump B barrel YP-G-180A/B 2 Pump A becomes B 57 21-Oct-07 Investigate low discharge force per unit area on Pump B YP-G-180B 2A58 22-Oct-07 Replacement of Mech. Seal on Pump C YP-G-180C 2A59 23-Oct-07 Rigged out HP Flare Scrubber Pump B and transferred to lading bay YP-G-180B 1A60 24-Oct-07 Rigged out Pump A barrel for leak fixs by FMS YP-G-180A 1A61 25-Oct-07 Rigged in Pump A barrel after leak fixs by FMS YP-G-180A 1A62 28-Oct-07 Commenced installing of pump Angstrom YP-G-180A 1A63 29-Oct-07 Completed installing of pump Angstrom YP-G-180A 2A64 31-Oct-07 Remove stiff hub from Pump B Motor YP-G-180B 2A65 3-Nov-07 Remove Motor to W/Shop to bore and tap broken bolts of Motor Fan CoverA2A66 29-Dec-07 Remove damaged pump C and commenced installing of refurbished pump YP-G-180C 1A67 30-Dec-07 Rig out Pump C due to miss of keyway on shaft YP-G-180C 1A68 1-Jan-08 Transferred bad pump to lading bay for QIT W/ShopA1A69 8-Jan-08 Removed HP Flare Scrubber Pump A for fix in QIT YP-G-180A 0A70 9-Jan-08 Installed Flare Scrubber Pump A YP-G-180A 1A71 10-Jan-08 Removal of Pump A YP-G-180A 0 Pump stiff. 72 12-Jan-08 Commenced installing of pump Angstrom YP-G-180A 0A73 13-Jan-08 Completed installing of pump Angstrom YP-G-180A 1A74 27-Jan-08 Rigged in Pump B and commissioned same YP-G-180B 2A75 4-Mar-08 PM on HP Flare Scrubber Pumps A & A ; B YP-G-180A/B 2A76 13-Apr-08 Removal and resettlement of Pump A to Pump C barrel YP-G-180A/C 1 Pump A barrel leaking petroleum from cut bleed line. Pump A becomes C 77 14-Apr-08 Commenced installing of pump C YP-G-180C 1A78 15-Apr-08 Completed installing of pump C YP-G-180C 2A79 17-Apr-08 Rigged out HP Flare Scrubber Pump B and transferred to lading bay YP-G-180B 1A80AAAAA81 18-Apr-08 Removal of dust from Pump barrel YP-G-180B 1A82 21-Apr-08 Commenced installing of pump B YP-G-180B 1A83 22-Apr-08 Completed installing of pump B YP-G-180B 2A84 9-May-08 Commenced set uping out Pump C YP-G-180C 1A85 10-May-08 Completed set uping out Pump C YP-G-180C 1A86 17-May-08 Commenced installing of pump C YP-G-180C 1A87 18-May-08 Completed installing of pump C YP-G-180C 2A88 20-May-08 Rectified failure to raise on Pump B YP-G-180B 2A89 23-May-08 Rigged out HP Flare Scrubber Pump B for QIT fixs YP-G-180B 1A90 26-May-08 Rigged out HP Flare Scrubber Pump C for QIT fixs YP-G-180C 0A91 27-May-08 Commenced installing of pump B YP-G-180B 0A92 28-May-08 Completed installing of pump B YP-G-180B 1A93 13-Jun-08 Commenced installing of pump C YP-G-180C 1A94 14-Jun-08 Completed installing of pump C YP-G-180C 2A95 17-Jun-08 Rigged out HP Flare Scrubber Pump B for QIT fixs YP-G-180B 1A96 17-Jun-08 Troubleshoot failure to raise on Pump C YP-G-180C 1A97 18-Jun-08 Rigged out HP Flare Scrubber Pump C for QIT fixs YP-G-180C 0A98 20-Jun-08 Commenced installing of pump B YP-G-180B 0A99 21-Jun-08 Completed installing of pump B YP-G-180B 1A100 22-Jun-08 Reconfirmed Pump B alliance YP-G-180B 1A101 24-Jun-08 PM on HP Flare Scrubber Pump B YP-G-180B 1A102 26-Jun-08 Rigged out HP Flare Scrubber Pump B for QIT fixs YP-G-180B 0A103 30-Jun-08 Commenced installing of pump B on freshly designed base YP-G-180C 0 FMS welding / design inaccurate. Pump pulled out to C-Barrel 104 1-Jul-08 Completed installing of pump C YP-G-180C 1A105 5-Jul-08 Swapped Barrel B to ‘A ‘ Position YP-G-180A 1A106 11-Jul-08 Investigated unusual noise on Pump C YP-G-180C 1A107 22-Jul-08 Worked with FMS to measure alteration of Pump bases YP-G-180A/B /CAA108 26-Jul-08 Installed pump Angstrom YP-G-180A 2A109 29-Jul-08 Removed pump C YP-G-180C 1A110 31-Jul-08 Commence remotion of Pump A YP-G-180A 0AFig.2. Failure and Maintenance Summary for H.P. Flare Scrubber Pumps, YP Literature Review Graham and Nurcombe ( 2003 ) , observed that many perpendicular submergible pump failures happen instead out of the blue, without due warning and rough economic climes and competition has become an inducement for equipment operators to want to acquire the best service out of their equipment. This translates to higher life anticipation with works equipment and as such status supervising engineerings such as Vibration, Lubricant and Exhaust gas analyses have become really popular to forestall unwanted and unplanned machinery outages. Of the afore-mentioned techniques, Vibration analysis they say, is likely the most of import because of its proved efficaciousness and global credence in many industries. In a instance history of submergible pumps at Saudi Aramco, they highlighted the demand to cognize the status of the pump internals which were submerged in liquid and are normally without status monitoring. ISO codes specify that bearings be monitored but this is non straight done for submerged pumps because the bearings are usually unaccessible. Alternatively, ISO allows measurings to be taken from the accessible parts of the machine i.e. from the Electric motor and the downside of this is that plentifulness of quiver information gets losing or attenuated. A batch of the mistakes associated with perpendicular submergible pumps nevertheless arise from those unaccessible places e.g. cavitation, flow induced quiver etc. , and as such supervising the status of the submersed parts straight provides a valuable beginning of information for predictive and diagnostic steps that can do large cost nest eggs for equipment operators. They have developed and tested transducers and quiver monitoring equipment which can be used to straight acquire information from the submerged pump parts. It is non plenty merely to supervise the quiver status of these pumps nevertheless. The job at manus is that of the frequent failures of the H.P. Flare Scrubber pumps from the very clip they were commissioned. Installing the submergible quiver monitoring devices would decidedly assist to foretell the failures but would make nil to place the implicit in cause of the frequent failures. So, the failures might be predicted but would go on often however. The root-cause of these failures demands to be identified so that a permanent solution can be developed. Vibration analysis besides makes this possible. Sinha ( 2008 ) shows that site installing of machines has effects on their quiver and dynamic features, even when they are good designed. He points to the fact that many freshly installed machines vibrate severely and neglect often merely as has been described in the debut and in the care history of the H.P. Flare Scrubber pumps. Hence it is of import to decide any machine installing jobs if equipment handiness is desired. A quiver analysis and dynamic word picture technique known as Modal Testing can be used to uncover the natural frequences of the machine installing assembly and the operating velocity checked to see if near to any of the natural frequences. Operating machines at velocities at or shut to structural natural frequences brings about resonance which is seen as inordinate quiver. This trial makes it possible to place the right places on the construction to use stiffening in order to cut down quiver by modifying the structural natural frequences. He gave some illustration s were these had been done successfully to extinguish frequent machinery failures. DeMatteo ( 2001 ) presents a instance survey of how the quiver analysis methods of Modal Testing and Operating Deflection Shape have been used to work out the job of inordinate quiver on perpendicular pumps which are similar to the H.P. Flare Scrubber pumps. A common yet enfeebling mistake for these pumps is cavitation. A mentioned earlier, it occurs at the submersed parts of this pump where there is no status monitoring as of the present. Cavitation is a phenomenon that takes topographic point in these kinds of pumps when the impact of a fall ining vapor of the fluid been pumped causes harm to the impellers and other pump internals. Vapour-bubbles can be formed within the wired fluid at low force per unit area pump internals as a consequence or restricted suction, fluctuating liquid degrees of the H.P. Flare Scrubber vas etc. When these bubbles move on to higher force per unit area countries within the pump, they collapse and cause harm to the pump. Wilcoxon Research says that, â€Å" The prostration of the bubbles is a violent procedure that creates an impacting action inside the pump. This impact will excite high frequence resonances in the pump construction. † For this ground, they advocate the usage of quiver detectors in pum ps. Cernetic ( 2009 ) says in the same vena, that quiver signals should be used to observe cavitation at the early phases of development since this phenomenon causes pump harm and a decrease in efficiency. From the foregoing, the instance for forestalling failures is being made and the demand for Condition Based Maintenance ( CBM ) emphasised. Prickett and Eavery ( 1991 ) compared preventative care and Breakdown care with CBM. CBM is shown to be cheaper and as such is required for the H.P. Flare Scrubbers if concern profitableness and equipment handiness are desired. Overview of Proposed Vibration Monitoring and Analysis Based Solution to Frequent Failures First and first, it must be ascertained that the site installing of the three pumps is non doing any quiver jobs. The Vibration analysis techniques of Modal Testing and Operating Deflection Shape are proposed for usage to find the root-cause of the frequent failures. Modal proving on the one manus would demo structural natural frequences, node points and manner forms for the three pumps. The manner form is the warp of the construction at any natural frequence. This information would assist to find: if operating velocity is perilously close to the structural natural frequences, the dynamic feature of the construction and the points of least or no warp on the construction ( nodes ) – where supports or stiffening may be added in order to relieve quiver degrees. The Impact cock method shall be used to transport this trial out, in situ. The Operating Deflection Shape ( ODS ) on the other manus, would as the name implies show the warp of each pump construction at the operating frequence of 50Hz ( 3000RPM ) . In other words, the ODS would demo the consequence of the operating velocity on assorted parts of the construction and it can be seen if points on the construction vibrate in stage or non. Should parts of a construction non travel in stage with the other parts, destructive burden can happen which can give rise to frequent failures. Transporting out these trials as mentioned above would place jobs with the installing. Solving the installing jobs would extinguish the frequent failures. The solution as mentioned earlier, normally involves the application of supports in identified places or the stiffening of bing supports. After the installing jobs are taken attention of, it is proposed that for good mounted quiver detectors are put in topographic point. For the open parts of the pump assembly i.e. the electric motor, it is proposed that two accelerometers be mounted at each of the antifriction bearing lodging countries. The accelerometers would be stud mounted at each bearing lodging at right angles apart. Having these accelerometers installed in add-on to the analysis of the generated signals would do it possible to observe bearing mistakes at their incipient phases, such that something could be done to forestall a more dearly-won harm to the whole pump assembly. As for the submersed parts of the pump, i.e. the journal bearings, the shaft, the impeller/bowl assembly, the Bently Nevada designed submergible propinquity investigations are proposed for usage to supervise the quiver and give diagnostic and prognostic capablenesss for such mistakes as cavitation, impeller harm, weariness shaft cleft, instability etc. , which are the common mistakes of machinery such as these and can merely be detected by submersed detectors. Understanding what goes on in the pump hole is critical to maintaining the pump healthy. For case cavitation can be detected on clip with these investigations, procedure conditions changed and the dependability of the pumps maintained. The quiver information collected by these detectors would be analysed and used to do quality determinations sing the needed care responses. Analysis techniques would include frequence spectrum analysis, envelope analysis, polar secret plans, orbit secret plans etc. This three prong attack is strongly believed to extinguish the frequent failures, cut down the overall care costs and assist in guaranting the handiness of the three H.P. Flare Scrubber Pumps. The techniques shall be expounded in more item within this study and all the necessary tools and quiver signal processing methods shall be specified. In-Situ Modal Testing for the Pumps This quiver trial is to uncover any jobs with the installing of the pumps which might be responsible for the frequent failures experienced within the past few old ages. In this trial, the natural frequences, manner form and nodes will be determined for each pump construction. An instrumented cock would be used to provide impact or energy to each construction at a known frequence and responses measured. When there is resonance, elaboration would be seen in the response spectrum. A Frequency Response Function ( FRF ) is obtained utilizing the force and the response spectra. The response can be represented as: FRF= = A + J B Where A= Real Part, B= Imaginary Part and Phase = At Resonance, the exciting frequence from impact cock = Natural Frequency of Pump Structure. A 0, B gives the Mode Shape, and Phase 90A ° The computations are performed and graphs displayed by the FFT ( Fast Fourier Transformation ) Analyzer as shown below. Fig. 3. Time sphere and frequence sphere signals. ( Beginning: M14 Lecture Notes, 2010, MSc Maintenance Engineering and Asset Management, University of Manchester ) The FRF shows frequence extremums which may or may non be structural natural frequences. However, for the structural natural frequences, the relationships shown supra would all use. The existent portion of the curve ( A ) would go through through nothing and the stage would alter by 90A ° . The fanciful portion of the FRF gives the manner form. So, the needed equipment for the unmoved average testing of the pump constructions are as follows: Some accelerometers positioned along points on a pump construction ( accelerometers can be secured by magnetic agencies ) An instrumented cock An FFT Analyzer Cable connexions for cock and accelerometers to analyzer Post Processing Software. The diagram below shows the layout for the trial. The instrumented cock is used to excite the pump construction and the responses taken from the measuring points and analysed to give all the information required i.e. manner form, nodes and natural frequences. Fig.4. Schematic of Vertical Pump Impact Test Fig. 5. Impact Test and Modal parametric quantities ( beginning: Richardson M.H. ( 1997 ) , â€Å" Is It a Mode Shape, or an Operating Deflection Shape † , Sound and Vibration Magazine, 30th Anniversary Issue. ) Fig.6. Mode shapes from Imaginary Part of FRF ( beginning: Richardson M.H. ( 1997 ) , â€Å" Is It a Mode Shape, or an Operating Deflection Shape † , Sound and Vibration Magazine, 30th Anniversary Issue. ) Fig.7. Example of manner form obtained from pump modal proving. ( Beginning: Sinha J.K. , ( 2008 ) , â€Å" Vibration-based Diagnosis Techniques Used in Nuclear Power Plants: An Overview of Experiences † , Nuclear Engineering and Design, Elsevier B.V. , Volume 238, Issue 9, pp. 2439-2452. From the attendant manner forms and ascertained natural frequences, penetration can be obtained as to the exact places for stiffening application or mass remotion in order to alter the natural frequences. Experience has shown that resonance in these kind of instances is due to the intimacy of the operating velocity ( runing frequence or 1x ) or multiples thereof, to one or more structural natural frequences. For the pump described in fig.7. above, the job was solved welding a thick home base to the stool in order to stiffen it and by put ining extra u-bolts on the discharge line. Operating Deflection Shape The Operating Deflection Shape ( ODS ) merely shows how much the pump construction is traveling at a peculiar frequence ( most significantly, the normal runing velocity ) and how much difference there is in stage between different points of the pump construction as it operates. The set-up is merely as was used for the average testing. The difference nevertheless, is that the instrumented cock is non used to excite the construction. Alternatively the machine would be run at its normal operating velocity and quiver informations collected from the accelerometers is fed to the multi-channel analyser. The end product from the analyser is so fed into the computing machine which would hold installed specializer package for ODS show. The show would demo the existent quiver form of the construction. It would be clearly seen, if the pump construction is flexing, if parts are traveling out of stage with one another etc. It would be seen if any status exists which contributes to frequent failures. Fig.8. Example of Software Animation of ODS FRF informations. ( Beginning: Richardson M.H. ( 1997 ) , â€Å" Is It a Mode Shape, or an Operating Deflection Shape † , Sound and Vibration Magazine, 30th Anniversary Issue. ) It is proposed that both Modal Testing and ODS analysis be carried out by contractors who are specializers in the country of survey and have a proved path record of success. Proposed Permanently Mounted Vibration-based Condition Monitoring System Fig.9. Set-up of Proposed Permanently mounted quiver monitoring system for the H.P. Flare Scrubber Pumps ( Influenced by Fig.5. , Graham K.M. and Nurcombe B. , ( 2003 ) , â€Å" Vertical Water Pumps- What ‘s Happening Down The Hole † , Orbit Magazine, 1Q 2003, pp. 4-9 ) Fig. 10. Orthogonally mounted propinquity investigations [ on-line ] Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //zone.ni.com/reference/en-XX/help/372416A-01/svtconcepts/obt_tbs_shctln/ [ Accessed 6th May 2010 ] The proposed for good mounted quiver monitoring and analysis system for each pump would hold the followers: Four Bently Nevada 330400 Accelerometers mounted as shown on the diagram Four 3300XL 8mm submerged Proximity Probes mounted in Custom Housings ( two each for two different journal places along shaft length ) A Bently Nevada 1900/65 General Condition Equipment Monitor A tacho-sensor for shaft place mention ( from any reputable manufacturer- Bently Nevada, SKF, Endevco ) and, A laptop with the Bently Nevada System 1 version 6.5 Diagnostic package installed for the analysis of information collected by any of the proctors. The accelerometers would be used to mensurate the quiver degrees of the anti-friction bearings on the pumps ‘ electric motors while the submersed propinquity investigations would mensurate shaft quiver, within the impeller shell and intermediate columns. All the transducer information would be collected by the 1900/65 proctor for each equipment. The proctors are designed for uninterrupted monitoring and readouts from them can be checked from clip to clip by dedicated forces or works operators. Besides, these proctors have the capableness of being tied into bing works control systems such that quiver warning degrees and danger bounds for each pump can be announced in control suites via hearable dismaies or visible radiations when these degrees are breached. Additionally, there is the capableness to configure trips and closures in the instance of high quiver degrees occasioned by mistakes such as cavitation. The proctors can be installed near to the equipment in sheltered enclosures, utilizing a short overseas telegram tally. The System 1 package is capable of advanced quiver analysis through the usage of shows such as Bode Plots, Spectral shows, Polar secret plans, Envelope analysis, etc. It is besides capable of informations acquisition and storage which makes swerving possible. Detailed specifications for the assorted equipment are supplied in the appendix. Signal Conditioning and Processing As is good known, the end product from the accelerometers and propinquity investigations are linear and clip sphere signals. These have to be converted to digital end products and frequence sphere signatures for mistake diagnosing to be carried out. This is achieved by the Fast Fourier Transformation ( FFT ) algorithm. Analyzing the frequences shown in a spectrum is indispensable for understanding implicit in machinery mistakes, as certain mistakes have distinguishable frequence features. For case, pump revolving velocity would be shown in the frequence spectrum and mistakes on the shaft could be presented as multiples of revolving frequence. The Bently Nevada 1900/65 proctor and System 1 package facilitate this. Fig. 11. Time sphere and frequence sphere signals. ( Beginning: M04 Lecture Notes, 2010, MSc Maintenance Engineering and Asset Management, University of Manchester ) The quiver measuring devices have been chosen carefully to understate the noise and unwanted intervention to measuring signals. The Bently Nevada 1900/65 has the capableness for low base on balls filtering and high base on balls filtering and these can be configured to accommodate user demands. This helps to extinguish the aliasing consequence and other instrument related noise. ( See merchandise specification sheet in appendix for inside informations ) . There is besides the capableness for envelope analysis by the usage of criterion or enhanced demodulation. This is supported by proctor and analysis package and is peculiarly utile for the early sensing of mistakes on the electric motor anti-friction bearings. Diagnosis Software Display Plots and Uses The following show some of the show plots that can be generated by the diagnostic package: Bode Performance map Rotor stator profile Rotor form Hydro air spread Phasor Histogram Octave Casacade/Full Casacade Current values Bar graph Machine train diagram Alarm/System event list Trend / Multivariable tendency Tabular list Time base ( with option for superposition of baseline informations ) Orbit / Time base ( with option for superposition of baseline informations ) Orbit ( with option for superposition of baseline informations ) Shaft mean center line Spectrum / Full spectrum ( with option for superposition of baseline informations ) Ten vs. Y Waterfall / Full waterfall Polar/Acceptance part Of the list above, accents would be placed on the Bode, Polar, Orbit, Shaft mean centreline and Waterfall secret plans. These secret plans can be used during normal and transeunt machine conditions to expose the normally experient mistakes. The Bode secret plan is really utile in placing the critical velocity ( natural frequence ) of a machine, as it shows the quiver behavior of the said machine during start-up or shut-down ( transeunt conditions ) . Fig. 12. Bode Plot Example. [ Online ] Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //zone.ni.com/reference/en-XX/help/372416A-01/svtconcepts/bode_polar_plots/ [ Accessed 6th May 2010 ] The polar secret plan gives the amplitude of 1X ( machine RPM or runing frequence ) and its stage difference from the mention place. The amplitude and stage behaviors can be interpreted to existent equipment wellness or defect. Fig. 13. Polar Plot illustration [ online ] Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //zone.ni.com/reference/en-XX/help/372416A-01/svtconcepts/bode_polar_plots/ [ Accessed 6th May 2010 ] The Orbit secret plan hints out how the shaft is revolving within the bearing. This tells how much clearance exists between shaft and bearing wall. This information is priceless as it can be used to find bearing load alterations and the oncoming of bearing wear. Fig. 14. Orbit Plot illustration [ online ] Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //zone.ni.com/reference/en-XX/help/372416A-01/svtconcepts/obt_tbs_shctln/ [ Accessed 6th May 2010 ] The Shaft centreline secret plan is used in much the same manner as the orbit secret plan in that it can be used to state how much wear has happened within a bearing. The secret plan checks the concentricity or eccentricity of shaft running within a diary bearing, as the name implies. Fig. 15. Shaft Centerline secret plan illustration [ online ] Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //zone.ni.com/reference/en-XX/help/372416A-01/svtconcepts/obt_tbs_shctln/ [ Accessed 6th May 2010 ] The Waterfall secret plan is utile during the transeunt machine operations. It shows how frequency constituents such as 1X, 2X, 3X etc alteration with clip or any other variable. The information obtained can be used to do good judgements as to existent machine conditions. Fig. 16. Waterfall plot illustration [ online ] Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //integratedpro.com/content/ ? p=1114 [ Accessed 6th May 2010 ] Diagnosis ChartMistakeSteady province CharacteristicTransient State CharacteristicShaft hang-up 0.3 X shown in frequence spectrum, Funny Orbit secret plan forms and discontinuities thereof. Imbalance Merely 1X is seen in frequence spectrum, 1X additions with clip and the Phase angle alterations Bode Plot remains the same, There is no alteration in critical velocity or stage angle when compared with the healthy status. Misalignment ( or Preload in the instance of unstable bearings ) 1X,2X,3X,4X etc are shown in frequence spectrum, Phase angle remains changeless The orbit secret plan will non change with velocity and polar secret plan remains the same. Crack 1X, 2X, 3X, 4X etc are shown in frequence spectrum and these continually alteration in amplitude. The stage angle alterations every bit good. There is amplitude and phase alteration of 1X constituent in the polar secret plan, The orbit secret plan alterations from a figure eight form to a cringle incorporating a little cringle. Bend Merely 1X is seen in frequence spectrum, 1X additions with clip and the Phase angle alterations A signal alteration of stage takes topographic point at critical velocity. Mechanical Diarrhea Presence of 0.3X, 0.5X, 1X,1.5X,2x, 2.5X in frequence spectrum Motor Bearing Damage Bearing Characteristic Frequencies would be seen in spectrum Fluid induced instability The presence of 0.45-0.48 X in spectrum when fluid natural frequence is approached by circumferential velocity of fluid, stand foring Oil Whirl. The presence of 0.45-0.48 X in spectrum when fluid natural frequence is approached by circumferential velocity of fluid, stand foring Oil Whirl Oil Whip consequences when Pump System rotor natural frequence peers fluid ‘s. Fig. 17. Diagnosis Chart for common mistakes ( Beginning: Sinha J.K. , M14 Lecture notes 2010, MSc Maintenance Engineering and Asset Management, University of Manchester ) Fault Diagnosis Process The overall quiver degrees measuring would be the first phase of protection for the pumps. The ISO recommends the usage of RMS values of speed for overall quiver measuring. Limits for acceptable quiver would be set and configured into the Bently Nevada 1900/65 proctors in footings of Velocity ( RMS ) . These proctors can denote when the bounds have been breached and this would motivate farther probe and trials. These bounds can be obtained from ISO tabular arraies or decided upon in-house by the care applied scientist. The proctor would demo which peculiar detector or detectors has detected a mistake. Furthermore, the proctor and diagnosing package proposed are capable of informations acquisition and storage which make it possible for swerving. The tendencies would be observed hebdomadal and when a set quiver bound is approached, the frequence of review is increased and trials such as the 1s mentioned before can be carried out to determine the mistake type, so a fitting care response can be planned. Fig. 18. Swerving illustration ( beginning: M04 CBM Lecture notes ( 2010 ) , MSc Maintenance Engineering and Asset Management, University of Manchester ) The mistake diagnosing chart would be used in concurrence with the FMEA diagram, 1900/65 proctor event logs and assorted applicable show secret plans ( frequence spectrum shows, Bode secret plan, Polar secret plan etc ) to corroborate the exact mistake of the pumps. Pump related frequences would be noted such that when they appear in the frequence spectrum, they can easy be identified. FMEA, Symptoms of identified impairment mechanismsPotential Failure ModePotential Effectss of FailurePotential Failure CausesSymptoms of identified impairment mechanisms1 Antifriction Bearing mistake ( Electric motor ) Bearing Seizure, Misalignment, Damage to motor shaft, Mechanical seal failure. Poor lubrication, Resonance High Frequency Hump seen in Frequency spectrum related to bearing lodging natural frequence 2 Shaft Cracks Shaft Fracture, Loss of pump action Resonance, Manufacturing defects 1X, 2X, 3X, 4X etc are shown in frequence spectrum. These addition in amplitude over clip. 3 Cavitation Impeller Damage, Reduced end product, Pump loss. Process disturbances, Gas lock in Pump Barrel Noisy operation, High frequence extremums in spectrum 4 Imbalance Excessive Vibration, B Damage to bearings and Impellers, Pump loss. Wear, Impeller harm 1x constituent in frequence spectrum which increases in amplitude over clip. 5 Journal Bearing Wear Lateral shaft drama, Shaft harm Matching misalignment Noisy operation, Lateral shaft drama, 6 Impeller Damage Reduced end product, Pump loss, Imbalance, Improper assembly, Cavitation, Flow-induced quiver Blade Passing frequence nowadays in frequence spectrum ( 5X,10X etc ) 7 Bent Shaft Bearing harm, High quiver Matching misalignment, Resonance Axial quiver, 1X presence in frequence spectrum 8 Matching Misalignment Resonance, Damage to pump internals, Mechanical seal failure, Loss of pump. Improper assembly, Resonance 1X,2X,3X,4X etc are shown in frequence spectrum 9 Shaft hang-up Damage to pump internals, Mechanical seal failure, Loss of pump. Matching misalignment 0.3X, 0.5X presence in quiver spectrum secret plan 10 Diarrhea Damage to pump internals, Mechanical seal failure, Loss of pump. Resonance, Improper Assembly The presence of 0.5X, 1X, 1.5X, 2X, 2.5X etc in frequence spectrum Fig. 19. FMEA tabular array for pump and motor assembly. Cost and Man-Power Implications of Vibration Monitoring and Analysis Set-up The monetary values given are estimations based on monetary values obtained from assorted cyberspace shopping web sites. They are non unequivocal as Bently Nevada gives monetary values based on different functionality demands and applications worldwide. Item Measure required for all three pumps Unit Price ( $ ) Price ( $ ) Accelerometer, Bently Nevada 330400 12 500 6000 Monitor, Bently Nevada 1900/65 3 2500 7500 Submersible Proximity investigations, Bently Nevada 12 1000 12000 Tacho Sensor, Bently Nevada 3 300 900 Laptop 1 1000 1000 System 1 Diagnostic Software Licence, Bently Nevada 1 20000 20000 Training for quiver applied scientist ( from bing care administration ) 2500Entire Price $ 49,900Fig.20. Cost breakdown of needed equipment for for good mounted quiver monitoring and analysis system. At lease one applied scientist with accomplishments for quiver monitoring and analysis would be required to supervise the whole set-up. He must be trained and competent in the usage of assorted show secret plans, signal processing and conditioning, for mistake designation and sensing. This cognition can besides be used on other critical works equipment such as the gas turbines and the centrifugal gas compressor. The dynamic word picture trials are to be contracted out to see service suppliers with the equal hardware and package for real-time life of vibrational gesture. It is estimated that the cost of this service would be circa $ 100,000. This brings the expansive sum of the proposed quiver programme from the frequent pump failures solution to for good installed status monitoring to about $ 150,000. Benefits and Limits of the proposed Vibration-based Condition Monitoring System The proposed set-up for monitoring and analyzing the quiver from the pumps has rather a figure of benefits. From the concern point of position, it is an investing because it can forestall dearly-won failures. The dollar value of the pumps ‘ failure within the biennial period considered in this study easy exceeds $ 1million when fix costs, trim parts, logistics and man-hours expended are considered. For the care administration, the presence of these vibration-based status monitoring equipment, makes it possible for care to be pro-active instead than reactive. Furthermore, frequent failures are eliminated which give room for better planning and more clip for effectual and efficient care. The cost of the quiver monitoring and analysis equipment can be seen to be a little monetary value to pay for plus handiness, enhanced productiveness and even safety. The restriction to the proposed system is the accomplishment, cognition and competency of the applied scientist or applied scientists who are in charge of the set-up. The signals for any mistake status would ever be picked up by the monitoring equipment. The proper and accurate diagnosing of mistakes and subsequent care determinations made are the remit of the applied scientist ( s ) responsible for the vibration-based status monitoring programme. In add-on, quiver monitoring equipment could neglect and necessitate replacing. Decision A glimpse through the summarised failure and care history of the H.P. flair scrubber pumps for a two twelvemonth period reveals the sum of resources expended on them and their hapless handiness. Clearly so, something new and different from the old attacks should be attempted. This proposed system covers all the grounds- from installing jobs check, procedure vagaries that cause cavitation, to common mistakes experienced by revolving machines such as bearing defects and matching misalignments to advert a few. Besides, the proposed methods are tested and trusted and can lend to nest eggs in care cost, works handiness and safety which are cardinal public presentation indexs for most industrial workss. Appendix i- Bently Nevada 1900/65 Monitor [ Online ] Available from: www.ge-energy.com/prod_serv/products/oc/en/bently_nevada.htm [ Accessed 6th May 2010 ] Appendix ii- Bently Nevada 330400 Accelerometers [ Online ] Available from: www.ge-energy.com/prod_serv/products/oc/en/bently_nevada.htm [ Accessed 6th May 2010 ] Appendix iii- Bently Nevada System 1 Diagnostic Software [ Online ] Available from: www.ge-energy.com/prod_serv/products/oc/en/bently_nevada.htm [ Accessed 6th May 2010 ] Appendix iv- Vibration Severity Limits for Machines Fig. 21. ISO 10816 Vibration Severity Limit Chart Appendix v- Submersible Proximity Probes [ Online ] Available from: www.ge-energy.com/prod_serv/products/oc/en/bently_nevada.htm [ Accessed 6th May 2010 ]