Non-cash expenditure Essay Example for Free

Non-cash expenditure Essay CASE 1 The effectiveness of the conceptual framework for the Financial Accounting Standards Board is high. Unfortunately, its effect to outsiders is limited. As already stated, the conceptual framework will aid in the setting of accounting standards. However, only internal persons of the Financial Accounting Standards Board are involved in the standard setting process. Therefore such yardstick will only beneficial to them, because outsiders like accountants will have to abide with the standard issues. Indeed it is a normal trend that standards issued are adjusted in the future due to industrial factors that they omitted to consider or did not tackle properly. An argument in favor of the conceptual framework with respect to outsiders is that it enhanced the credibility of financial statements through the issue of objectives and concepts in such framework (Foster M. J. et al 2001, p 2). CASE 2 a) The cash basis of accounting is based on the premise that a transaction is recorded once cash inflow or cash outflows arises on cash and cash equivalents (Randall H 1999, p 247). On the contrary the accrual basis of accounting is based on the concept that revenue and expenditure are recorded once incurred and not when the cash receipt or payment arises (Randall H. 1999, p 191). For example, if license of a motor vehicle of $1,200 is paid in the beginning of November and the financial year-end is 31st December. Under the cash basis $1,200 is deducted. However, under the accruals basis only expenditure of $200 is recorded representing the expense incurred in November and December. b) The bank should always lend money in good faith. That is the money ought to be lend to persons who are financially capable to repay it in a given time frame. We should bear in mind that the money lent by the bank is coming from the depositors’ funds, which have in turn trusted the bank with their money. A fundamental principle of the code of ethical conduct of professionals states that the decisions taken by such parties should deter from providing harm to other parties and ought respect the rights of others (Association of Accounting Technicians 2007, p 7). Therefore if the bank manager of Ernest Banks knows that if the financial reports of the firm at hand are prepared on an accruals basis, which will eventually lead to lower profits. There is the risk that the financial ability of the company to pay the interest and capital commitments concerning the loan diminish. They should therefore take remedial action in order to mitigate such risk and thus safeguard the resources entrusted by depositors. c) The problem at hand identified in the previous question necessitates that the owner is informed of this issue as soon as possible. They ought to explain that the cash balance reported in the monthly bank statements does not represent the actual profit made by the business enterprise. Such illustration should be made in light of the weaker financial ability of the company to pay interest and capital commitments on the present loan that the firm will face in the nearby future. Since the business is experiencing growth there is still potential for the firm to mitigate the problem at hand. This stems the importance of informing the owner of such issue, who will take remedial action to solve it. However, the bank should refrain from providing specific solutions, since liabilities may arise if such solutions do not solve or possible even worsen the present financial performance of the company. CASE 3 1) The net increase in cash and cash equivalents originating in the cash flow statement is different from the net income portrayed in the income statement due to the different principles followed that where contrasted in the previous question of the former case. The reason for such disparity stem from a number of factors. For example, in the cash flow statement only the cash received from cash sales and debtors is recorded. In the income statement, all the sales incurred are taken into account. Similarly the cash payments for purchases, expenditure and to creditors are shown in the cash flow statement. However, in the income state all expenditure and purchases incurred in that time frame are taken into account (Lewis R. et al 1996, p 317). Non-cash expenditure like provision for depreciation and provision for slow moving stock are deducted from the profit figure. These are omitted from the cash flow statement since they do not represent cash outflows. Further more, capital expenditure incurred and paid during the period is recorded under the investing activities of the cash flow statement. This even though incurred is not portrayed in the income statement, but is recorded in the balance sheet due to its materiality and long-term effect. Hence it will affect cash flow but not net income. This thus clarifies the reason why the net income of $100,000 significantly differs from the actual cash flow balance depicted in the cash flow statement. 2) The operating cash flow, which eventually portrays the cash inflow or outflow from operating activities is very important for the organization, since it should the net cash generated/lost from the firm’s operations. From the differences noted previously it is important that a company not only makes profit but also generates sufficient cash from its operations to be able to meet its financial obligations (Weetman P. 2003, p 185-186). The operating cash flow should be considered as the lifeblood of the firm. Without cash from the operating activities the firm cannot operate for long. It is therefore important that a consistent net cash inflow from operating activities is shown in the financial statements. 3) The sources of cash flow that can be replaceable by new growth are long-term debts that mature and are taken back to finance new growth prospects. Fixed assets classified under investing activities can also be renewed once they finish their possible economic benefits by purchasing similar or better ones. Redeemable share capital, both ordinary and preference can also be renewed by another issue of such finance instruments (Lewis R. et al 1996, p 321). 4) The first basic solution of improving cash flow in view of the cash issue outlined is by focusing on sales and inventory management. By increasing the inventory turnover and diminishing the money tied up in stock by reducing stock levels can be useful remedies in order to free up some cash and enhance the liquidity of the James Spencer Corporation. Cash sales can also be boosted through the introduction of cash discounts. It is also pertinent that present debtors are properly chased by the credit control department to ensure that cash is collected on time (Bernabucci B.2005). Financial managers can also alleviate cash by reducing the debtors collection period through effective credit control policies and procedures put in practice and increase the creditors collection period from the present and potential suppliers. The factoring services provided by factor companies can be another viable solution to enhance cash flow from debtors. Factoring basically comprises the forwarding of a debt to a factor company at a reduced rate than the face value of such debt in exchange of a cash receipt of that account receivable (Ccassociates). For example a debtor of $10,000 of Company A is transferred to a factor company at 85%. Company A will receive $8,500 from such account receivable and then it is the responsibility of the factor company to collect the $10,000 from the trade debtor. James Spencer Corporation can also cushion its cash by either opting for an overdraft facility or increasing the present overdraft. This will act as a buffer against any unforeseen events that may weaken the cash flow of the firm. Even though bank overdraft is payable on demand by the bank, such debt medium is extremely flexible. This is due to the fact that the company can utilize how much of the debt it seems fit (Washington State University). For example if the overdraft facility is of $50,000, the company may take only $20,000 of such overdraft. References: Association of Accounting Technician (2007). Professional Ethics. Berkshire: Kaplan Publishing. Bernabucci B. (2005). Improving you Cash Flow Problems, Entrepreneur. com (on line). Available from: http://www. entrepreneur. com/money/moneymanagement/financialanalysis/article79084. html (Accessed 15th November 2007). Ccassociates. The Factoring Solution (on line). Available from: http://www. ccassociates. com/factoring_solution_accounts_receivable_factoring_explained. html (Accessed 15th November 2007). Foster M. J. ; Johnson L. T. (2001). Why does the FASB have a Conceptual Framework? Financial Accounting Standards Board (on line). Available from: http://www. fasb. org/articlesreports/conceptual_framework_uti_aug_2001. pdf (Accessed 16th November 2007) IAS 17 (2000). Leases. London: International Accounting Standards Committee. International Accounting Standards (2000). Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements. London: International Accounting Standards Committee. Lewis R. ; Pendrill D. (1996). Advanced Financial Accounting. Fifth Edition. London: Pitman Publishing. Washington State University. Short Term Sources of Finance (on line). Available from: http://cbdd. wsu. edu/kewlcontent/cdoutput/TOM505/page36. htm (Accessed 15th November 2007). Weetman P. (2003). Financial and Management Accounting. Third Edition. Essex: Pearson Education Limited.

Responsibilities of Human Resource Management in Microsoft Corporation

Responsibilities of Human Resource Management in Microsoft Corporation Microsoft Corporation is a company located in USA that manufactures, develops and supports a wide variety of products and services in the computing sector. The products and services of the company include computer software, consumer electronic, hardware, IT consulting, etc. The company established in 1975 by Bill Gates and Paul Allen, excelled in developing the operating systems for the computers. In 1984 they released the Microsoft windows version jointly with IBM. The company considers Human Resources as its asset and is keen on attracting and retaining talented manpower and managing them efficiently by making informed decisions. The company has around 93,000 employees and they manage the employees strategically. Maintaining a sound performance appraisal system in the company is the most difficult and most important part of Human Resource Management in the company (Coutts and Schneider, 2004). The performance of the employs in the organization is tracked and their work is observed by the supervisors and effective feedback is given at appropriate times. The performance appraisal process in the company is carried out after the superiors and subordinates come together to discuss the goals, objectives, expectations of the company, targets to be achieved, evaluation criteria and methods. The supervisor of the company is responsible towards identifying the skills, competencies and knowledge of the employees and if they are capable enough to carry out their duties and work effectively. The superiors also need to ensure that they properly communicate and give the right idea regarding the performance expectations and the rewards for the performance (Newstrom and Davis, 1993). Some methods that compani es usually follow for the purpose of performance evaluation are 360 degree feedback, critical incidence, rating scales etc. Microsoft is a company that gives importance to its Human resources, thus has developed a web-based tool à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the performance toolà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ wherein the commitments, goals and employees and bosses are included and their roles defined. The employees in the company can log on using an ID and clearly understand the goals of the superior frame or change oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s own goal that way. This tool or model is flexible as the goals can be changed according to their requirement. Performance management system is managed with the help of this model in the company. Microsoft follows certain steps in its performance evaluation process: As a first step the employee and the manager carry out a face to face meeting twice a week. Then a meeting is done half yearly where the employees and the managers discuss and solve various issues concerned with behavior, performance and the expectations. Online tests are carried out to check the skill level of the employees and feedback is given according to the tests. Microsoft also provides an option for the employee to choose their superiors to be their mentors. Performance appraisal structure in Microsoft is unique with 2 reviews being held in a year i.e. career compass held in January and Final performance appraisal held in August. Career Compass is a review held in midyear wherein the employee development considered as an important thing. The mainly includes the development of their competencies, in which case the company involves two kinds of competencies: Microsoft core competencies- involve collaboration and cross border cooperation, innovation, confidence and proper decision making Functional competencies in Microsoft are the interpersonal skills, skills for project management, analytical skills, strategic decision making etc. Final performance appraisal involves the proper reviewing of the total performance management carried out in the company and is used to rate all the performances and commitments. The goals and targets that were set before as a benchmark will be reviewed and revised after the performance evaluation is done. The employee is also encouraged to do the self appraisals so that they themselves can understand the issues and lack of performance and reasons etc. in the final appraisal process the concerned managers of the department where the employee belongs and HR personnel of the company would sit together and discuss the details of the performance evaluation and appraisal process of the employees. They then rate the employees according to their level of performance achieved based on the standard set. The rating system in the company is based upon commitments and the target achieved. The performance rating in the company is form 5 which is for exceptional performance to 1 unsatisfactory performance. The company also follows a contribution ranking against the coworkers depending on the factors like the readiness to work and potential to learn. The performance appraisal and evaluation process in the company is highly essential in highlighting and communicating its goals and objectives to its employees and ensuring that they are properly achieved (Longenecker, 1997). Microsoft has been successful in maintaining the proper level of performance among the employees and achieves organizational goals. The employees in the company are aware of their roles and responsibilities thus working towards achieving the targets by framing their goals in the right direction (Grote, 1996). Microsoft is a company that provides certain important targets for each department by asking them to maintain a standard level performance rating for the employees, where in the standard of performance of the employees does not go below this level. The environmental factors have a key role to play in the methods used by the company with respect to the various HR practices. Thus the performance evaluation process in Microsoft Corporation is formulated taking into consideration the factors of external environmental factors. The various political, economic, social and technological factors play a key role in defining the human resource activities of the company. Political factors: The political environment in a country can be considered as an important factor that will affect the working of the company in a number of ways. One of the important political issues related to companies like Microsoft are the property protection measures and protection for investments. Many political parties helped the company gain tax benefits in a lot of ways. Economic Factors: it is difficult to list out the key economic factors that affect the company, since the Information Technology market is highly dynamic and standardization is not possible (Rubini, 2010). The recent economic downturn has also adversely affected the company like any other as the economy of most of the countries was badly hit and the market had slowed down. Social environmental factors: the social environment of the country in which they operate, act as important aspects in deciding the performance and operations of the company. A company that is socially responsible will be considered well by the customer. The employees will feel proud to work for such companies. Microsoft has been funding many CSR activities, but due to the economic recession the company has cut its budget in that area to invest in some its products. A company that is committed to the society will also possess employees who would work towards such a goal. Technological environment: the technological factors like the technological innovations and creativity has lead to an entirely new and different kind of expansion in the information technology industry. There are many companies operating in the market providing software, IT and hardware services with innovative technology in every service. The growth of technology has been tremendous as a result of which the company has to recruit and acquire more skills and trained employees who have the knowledge of changing technology in this field. In order to increase the operational efficiency the company is expected to increase the performance level of the employees (Kurtz, 2009). Proper performance management system in the company will cater to providing the solution to this issue. Microsoft has developed various methods to perfectly understand the make clear evaluations of the employee performance and train them according to the need of the hour. The study is thus concludes that the company Microsoft is highly specific on establishing a proper performance management system that meets their requirements and maintains their standard at all levels. The Human Resource Management and planning in the company is effective as they have a plan on how to make best use of their human resources asset. The various environmental factors and conditions play a key role deciding various aspects of HR practices in the company. The performance appraisal system is crucial in achieving the goals of the company.

The Success Of Brand Loreal

The Success Of Brand Loreal To start with a brief introduction, explaining which market you have chosen and why, which companies/brands you have chosen and why. The rest of the report can then be organised thematically, such as by operational marketing area that you have chosen to analyse. You might also like to include a short concluding section, tying everything together and setting out your main findings and conclusions. The market chosen is of that of cosmetic products which is a huge market in todays date having contrasting working attitudes and style, producing goods according to the local requirement in accordance to the wants of the customers and consumers. This assignment compares and contrasts the way in which two different companies, LOreal and Unilever carry out their international marketing. Initially this assignment revolves around the two mega cosmetic brand industry LOreal and Unilever and their marketing tactics and strategies around the globe in various countries. LOreal a cosmetic giant operating in over 130 countries worldwide proposes a turnover of over à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 13.7 billion since 2001 (check financial results of 2009 and report). The company records a consistent growth of over 19.6% and 26% increase in profit in 2001 and 2002 respectively. (Check recent growth and report) The consistent growth of the company and the share in the particular market is caused due to its varied marketing activities in the marketing arena. The company differs itself from other companies in the sphere of product/service design; packaging; brand name/logo; price; advertising; sales promotion; website; distribution channel(s). The success of Brand LOreal lies in the fact that the company succeeded in reaching out to the customers of different countries of the world, across different income ranges and cultural patterns, giving them the appropriate product they are worthy of. The area of expertise of LOreal being that it succeeded almost in every country that it entered. The strategies of LOreal was varied enough to help it and stop itself from restricting itself in a single country. LOreal sold its product on the basis of customer demand and country want rather than keeping the product identical across the globe. It built ample number of brands or mammoth brands entrenched to the restricted culture and which appealed to a variety of segment of the universal market instead of generalising the brand and edible in innumerable culture. LOreal went on to being a local product in every international market. The brand extension of LOreal also came in the same sector or the same segment of market. LOreal believed i n growing its expertise in the segment it is conscious of rather than going into a completely new sector of market.. LOreal had built a dozen or so mega brands rooted in the local culture and appealing to different segments of the global market. Instead of homogenizing the various brands and making them palatable in myriad cultures, Owen-Jones decided to embody their (the brands) country of origin, turning what many marketing gurus considered a narrowing factor into a marketing virtue. As a senior LOreal manager put it, You have to be local and as strong as the best locals but backed by an international image and strategy. We have made a conscious effort to diversify the cultural origins of our brands. Brand Extensions LOreal realized the need for caution in case of brand extensions. The company extended its brands after doing a thorough research. When LOreal decided to enter the kids shampoo category in 1998, it debated whether to launch a new brand or go for an extension. The company realized the LOreal name, long associated with womens hair care, would capture instant credibility with moms. But Kids was really a child-oriented product. When LOreal first unveiled its LOreal Kids shampoo line early 1998, retailers were sceptical. Retailers say the value isnt there. We say it is that the child establishes value. We were pretty tenacious. mentioned Carol Hamilton, 45, senior VP-marketing for the LOreal retail division of Cosmair LOreal professionals mechanises with LOreal professional salons in order to not only promote their product but also to help hairdressers to have a vision, excel and accomplish. LOreal have divided their product range in five different categories to focus its marketing activities exclusively designed for the targeted market audience. Professional products Consumer Products Luxury Products Cosmetics Body Shop The body shop was founded in 1976 in the United Kingdome well known for its strong product base of natural ingredients and having a network of over 2550 stores in 63 countries (is this the present situation?) Unilever on the other hand, a British-Duch multinational company owning ample numer of consumer products in the food, beverage and the personal care product sector. Promising to give a consistent evolution in the sustainable living plan of the commoners. Inspiring billions of people to support them in order to give themselves a better life. In a world of hype and stereotypes, the Dove Unilever provides a refreshing alternative for women who recognise that beauty isnt simply about how you look but it makes a genuine difference. Dove Unilever is committed to widening the definition of beauty for women because it believe real beauty comes in all ages, shapes and sizes. To help enjoy your own brand of beauty, Dove provides an extensive range of cleansing and personal care products that make a genuine difference to the condition and feel of skin and hair. Dove is the UKs top Bar Soap brand and 45% of the population bought a Dove product in 2010. In fact, 10.1 million women use Dove every week in the UK. Unilever first launched its products in the US during the 1950s, and in 1957 the basic Dove bar formula was refined and developed into the Original Dove Beauty bar. It was launched as a beauty soap that was clinically proven to be milder on dry and sensitive skins. Launched in the Uk in the late 1990s. The following years saw the launch of more bath time treats like beauty baths and moisturising body washes. Unilever Dove then expanded its brand into antiperspirant deodorants and ProAge, a range of skin cream and hair care products specifically designed in accordance to the requirement of the local women. Unilever re-defined the definition of beauty for women. In 2010 Unilever Dove came out with another revolutionary product of Damage therapy which could be used by the consumers at home rather than spending a fortune on other beauty therapys to keep their hair strong damage free. In 2010 Unilever also diversifies its Dove products from the female sector to the male and hence the birth of a completely new brand of products in which unilever had never stepped its foot into, the Dove Men Care brand was formed offering deodrants and body washes specifically designed for the male skin. LOreal entered India with the hair colour product, they changed the way consumers viewed the product. From being a product for the old-age to turn grey hair into shining black. LOreal targeted the young market for whome looking stylish and to the modern mark was really very important. It was a tough job for LOreal to change the mindsets of the people. Dove entered India in the late 1993. Dove-known to be a custodian to promise gave products to woment to satisfy them all over the world. In India Dove became the fastest growing hair care shampoo product in fifteen month of its launch. ADVERTISING LOreal-because you are worth it, gives a kind of a fulfilment to the consumer that the kind of product the consumer was looking for, this is it. LOreal started its advertising campaign in the late 1920 via posters and other such medims. It first time appeared onscreen in 1950s in movies. In todays date LOreal got celebrity of all ages to promote their product. The strategy that LOreal used here is to use local celebrities to whom the common man relate to rather than having just one celebrity to promote their product globally. For example in India LOreal used ex Miss world Aishwariya Rai to promote their product where as in the K they used Penelope Cruz to promote their product. This got LOreal the image of Traditional Beauty.LOreal knew that the best way to attract customers was to bestow the customers with the image that they could become as beautiful as their favourite celebrities. Resulting into more the sales of the product that would take place Dove on the other hand used the tactic of complementing their customers giving them a profound positive vibe by giving a positive line of you are beautiful resulting into her buying the product. Dove uses various creative marketing strategies like recently dove is using Facebook which is a social commerce networking site to promote its product. Dove has made its products available to the customers on the social website. Dove believes that it makes complete sense to move from a social networking website to a purchase worthwhile at the same place. On the later research when found that email results into more selling rather than social website, the focus of the company changed into sending more personalised emails to the prospective customers. Dove also launched a competitive advertisement in competition with LOreal with the tag line Dove is No.1 Shampoo sending customers emails with such adverts and making customer believe that it is the best the customer can get. Given the image of real women Dove never used or endorced their products through celebrities like in the case of Unilever. Instead Unilever built a new strategy for Dove. Given the cote of being Real Women Dove used a corporate advertising strategy by various culture of women and projecting an image of self-satisfaction for the Unilever brand.s Consumers will soon be able to buy Dove products through Facebook, with Unilever unveiling the new ecommerce offering shortly Marshall Manson, Europe Middle East and Africa managing director of digital at Unilevers PR agency Edelman, said: It makes sense to allow users to move directly from a social word-of-mouth recommendation, or from information a brand has shared, to purchase. He also said that the move makes it easier for Dove to connect social activity with business values and measure their effectiveness. The news comes just days after a study by Foresee found that consumers prefer email marketing messages than social media interactions with retailer websites in the UK. Larry Freed, president and chief executive officer of ForeSee Results, said brands need to be aware of how their target markets are influenced by promotional emails, advertising on Facebook or word-of-mouth recommendations. SALES PROMOTION In India LOreal brought the international style by transforming the looks in the form of amenities to its customers. LOreal marked its products through hair salons in India. Today LOreal owns over 2000 saloons over 36 cities in India. LOreal and Unilever competed on getting positioned in the shelf-space in the United States to be in the eye of the customers. Dove on the other hand promoted its product by positioning itself the best that is as the number one product and also with the help of dove the seven day challenge, where dove promised healthy hair or money back guarantee. In the United States Dove bought about the half-faced challenge. Dove asked the American customers to use the product on half of their face and feel the difference. LOreal on the other hand promised a reduction in the hair fall or in the healthy hair or a complete money back guarantee. LOreal carried out its sales promotion having a wide assortment with varying range of products for premium and the middle class. Though LOreals prmium product were at low demand, LOreal kept on reinforcing them through promoting their premium brand as a look of necessity. WEBSITE The LOreal website not only gives a brief introduction of its varied product features but it also gives information about the company history and also about the various product ranges for women in the market supplementing it with a little extra of for women categorising it specifically for them. LOreal in China launched a website in mandarin to help customers easy accessibility and making it easy for them to use the website. Dove maintains its simplicity in its website also but to it dove also adds up a space for testimonials and various offers and promotions that Dove have, to offer at that minute. To that Dove had also added up an interactive session and video to show how dove has helped peoples hair. Unilever on the other hand used specimens of local commoner beauty to endorse the Dove beauty product on their website. They also came up with advertisement of the websites specific to that part of the region. For example the Indian website had adverts of Dove moisture riser to have soft skin where as in the United Kingdome the website had advertisements on moisturiser on cold cream to protect them from the cols. DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL A market channel is one of the most important factors in the marketing of a product. It closures the period, space and hole in the market between the consumers and the product manufacturers. In India to distribute its product Dove Unilever uses three approaches, indirect coverage, and direct coverage and Streamline method. Dove Unilever looked out for short supply-chain for distribution to meet its customers needs and to reach out to a huge population. In India Unilever elected sub-stockist that covered up the mass part of the marketing areas in India where as in the Unites Kingdome Unilever were in direct contact with the retailers to sell out their products. Over 180 million units are produced in the United Kingdome every year. Most of it, around 65% of it is exported overseas. CONCLUTION à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL LOreals Distribution Channel in the Balkans With 290 subsidiaries, more than 100 distributors and 42 plants, all spread out in about 130 countries, LOreal is the leader of the cosmetic industry. The group has begun its internationalisation in 1912 by following three steps: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ First, commercialisation of professional shampoos to hair-dressers via distributors in near Europe (Spain, Italy, Great Britain, Germany and Poland) and in the Americas first landing; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Second, local firms are taken over for example in the USA (Redken 1993, Maybelline 1996 etc.), in Argentina (Miss Y lang 2000) go native; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Third, subsidiaries (production, research and development) are directly created (Greenfield investment) without any first passage via distribution. It is the case in Asia (Japan and Hong Kong) globalisation. The group has to face harsh competition and new stakes like diversify its product segments (baby-boomers which become mammy-boomers; American, French and Japanese young with specific tastes; and men), exploit new means of distribution (like on line sales) and finally, take advantage before the competitors, of new emerging markets like Asia, India, Latin America, Africa and East European countries. For our analysis on distribution channel performance, we will focus on the Balkans region () where the group detains its highest number of distributors as well as no subsidiary. Furthermore, these countries are future new comers in the European Union and such a particular presence in this region is no doubt linked to LOreal internationalisation strategy. Distributors, in this area, buy products directly to the headquarters. There are lot of things you wrote about LOreals distribution channelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. You need to bring in some operational marketing of LOreal and then conclusion. UNQUOTE ABA This report will analysing the international/global marketing activities of two international well known companies LOreal and Garnier operating in a similar market across a range of countries in a contrasting way. The activities that the report will focus on are as follows product/service design or formulation; packaging; brand name/logo; price; advertising; sales promotion; website; distribution channel(s). SLIDE SHOW MAILS http://www.loreal.com/_en/_ww/html/suppliers/suppliers-performance/suppliers-performance-conception.aspx LOreal a company operating in over 130 countries worldwide propose a turnover of over à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 13.7 billion since 2001. The company records a consistent growth of over 19.6% and 26% increase in profit in 2001 and 2002 respectively. The consistent growth of the company and the share in the particular market is caused due to its varied marketing activities in the marketing arena. The company differs itself from other companies in the sphere of product/service design; packaging; brand name/logo; price; advertising; sales promotion; website; distribution channel(s). http:// http://www.loreal.co.uk/_en/_gb/index.aspx www.loreal.co.in/_hi/_in/index.aspx BRAND- The success of Brand LOreal lies in the fact that the company succeeded in reaching out to the customers of different countries of the world, across different income ranges and cultural patterns. The area of expertise of LOreal being that it succeeded almost in every country that it entered. The strategies of LOreal was varied enough to help it and stop itself from restricting itself in a single country. LOreal sold its product on the basis of customer demand and country want rather than keeping the product identical across the globe. It build ample number of brands or mammoth brands entrenched to the restricted culture and which appealed to the a variety of segment of the universal market instead of generalising the brand and edible in innumerable culture. LOreal went on to being a local product in every international market. The brand extension of LOreal also came in the same sector or the same segment of market. LOreal had built a dozen or so mega brands rooted in the local culture and appealing to different segments of the global market. Instead of homogenizing the various brands and making them palatable in myriad cultures, Owen-Jones decided to embody their (the brands) country of origin, turning what many marketing gurus considered a narrowing factor into a marketing virtue. As a senior LOreal manager put it, You have to be local and as strong as the best locals but backed by an international image and strategy. We have made a conscious effort to diversify the cultural origins of our brands. Brand Extensions LOreal realized the need for caution in case of brand extensions. The company extended its brands after doing a thorough research. When LOreal decided to enter the kids shampoo category in 1998, it debated whether to launch a new brand or go for an extension. The company realized the LOreal name, long associated with womens hair care, would capture instant credibility with moms. But Kids was really a child-oriented product. When LOreal first unveiled its LOreal Kids shampoo line early 1998, retailers were skeptical. Retailers say the value isnt there. We say it is, that the child establishes value. We were pretty tenacious. mentioned Carol Hamilton, 45, senior VP-marketing for the LOreal retail division of Cosmair Loreal professionnel mechanises with Loreal profetional salons in order to not only promote their product but also tp help hairdressers to have a vision, excel and accomplish. They have devided their product range in five different categories Proffestional products Consumer products Luxuary products Active cosmetics and The body shop. The body shop was founded in 1976 in the United Kingdome well known for its strong product base of natural ingredients and having a network of over 2550 stores in 63 countries. http://www.icmrindia.org/casestudies/catalogue/Marketing1/Branding%20Strategy-Marketing%20Case%20Study.htm#Brand%20Management Dove In a world of hype and stereotypes, the Dove brand provides a refreshing alternative for women who recognise that beauty isnt simply about how you look. Making a genuine difference Dove is committed to widening the definition of beauty for women because we believe real beauty comes in all ages, shapes and sizes. To help you enjoy your own brand of beauty, Dove provides an extensive range of cleansing and personal care products that make a genuine difference to the condition and feel of your skin and hair. Dove is the UKs top Bar Soap brand and 45% of the population bought a Dove product in 2010. In fact, 10.1 million women use Dove every week in the UK. How it all started First launched in the US during the 1950s, Dove cleansing bar with its moisturising properties was originally developed to treat burn victims during the war. In 1957 the basic Dove bar formula was refined and developed into the Original Dove Beauty bar. It was launched as a beauty soap that was clinically proven to be milder on dry and sensitive skins. In the 1970s an independent clinical dermatological study proved Dove Beauty bar was milder than 17 leading bar soaps. Dove was launched in the UK in the 1990s. The following years saw the launch of more bath time treats like beauty baths and moisturising body washes. In 2001 Dove launched its first antiperspirant deodorant. Only Dove Deodorant has its 1/4 moisturising cream formula that helps skin to recover itself after every shave, leaving underarm skin feeling smoother than an ordinary deodorant. 2004 saw the launch of the Campaign for Real Beauty, which highlighted the Dove brands commitment to broadening definitions of beauty. Following on from this Dove launched the Self Esteem Fund in 2005 which acts as an agent of change to educate and inspire young girls on a wider definition of beauty. It aims to boost the self-confidence of young girls and women, enabling them to reach their full potential in life. Also in 2007 Dove launched ProAge, a range of skin care, deodorant and hair care that has been specifically designed to give mature skin what it needs right now. In 2010 the Dove hair care range was revitalised with distinct new benefits. The Dove Damage Therapy range is designed to combat the damage caused by daily brushing, towel drying styling etc. 2010 also saw the launch of the new Dove Men+Care male grooming brand, offering deodorants and body washes specifically designed for mens skin Did you know? British girls suffer the lowest self esteem in the world, after Japan. Almost  ¾ (74%) of girls aged 8 12 are so dissatisfied with their bodies that they would like to change something about their appearance. The Dove team is committed to help girls build positive self-esteem and a healthy body image, with a goal of reaching 5 million girls worldwide by 2010. The Dove Self Esteem Fund has reached over 5 million girls worldwide and is committed to continuing to help girls build positive self-esteem and a healthy body image. For information on the Dove range of products call the customer careline free on 0800 085 1548 in the UK and 1850 404060 in Ireland. From our range Dove Beauty Cream Bar Dove Triple Moisturising Body Wash Dove Rich Nourishing Body Moisturiser Dove Original Roll On Deodorant Dove Go Fresh Cucumber Green Tea Scent Deodorant Dove Intensive Repair Shampoo Dove Intensive Repair Express Treatment Conditioner Dove Men+Care Clean Comfort Antiperspirant Dove Men+Care Clean Comfort Body Face wash | http://www.unilever.co.uk/brands/personalcarebrands/dove.aspx PRICE ADVERTISING LOreal-because you are worth it gives a kind of a satisfaction that this is the kind of product that the consumer was looking for. LOreal advertised around the world in the 1920 via posters. In the 1950s it brought its advertising medium in movies and made it on screen for the first time. In todays date LOreal has taken various famous actresses of varied celebrities of all ages to promote their product. With the promotion techniques LOreal has kept one thing in mind to also use local celebrity for the local advertisement in order so as to the common can relate themselves and in order to use the image of traditional beautiful women. Having the idea in mind that more beautiful the women would be more the customer would get attracted and in accordance more the sales of the product would take place. In India LOreal advertised through a media onslaught for its global brand featuring Aishwariya Rai re-defining the definition of beautiful hair. LOreal India has just launched a media blitz for its global brand LOreal Paris Total Repair 5 featuring cine star Aishwarya Rai http://www.financialexpress.com/news/loreal-joins-ad-war-with-hul-pg/656116/ Advertising: In 1920s, LOreal advertised around world by posters. Around 1950s, it brought a new advertising medium, especially the movies. LOreal made it on-screen first time during this period and it won an advertising Oscar award. Nowadays, LOreal takes on famous actresses or different celebrities of all ages that promote product and ensures its higher sales. Read more: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_LOreal_Promotional_Strategy#ixzz1DxUkzPld http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_LOreal_Promotional_Strategy Dove-you are beautiful gives a positive feeling to the customer that she is beautiful and hence she needs to have the product. Dove uses various creative marketing strategies like recently dove is using Facebook which is a social commerce networking site to promote its product. Dove has made its products available to the customers on the social website. Dove believes that it makes complete sense to move from a social networking website to a purchase worthwhile at the same place. On the later research when found that email results into more selling rather than social website, the focus of the company changed into sending more personalised emails to the prospective customers. Dove also launched a competitive advertisement in competition with Loreal with the tag line Dove is No.1 Shampoo making customer believe that it is the best. a comparative ad campaign with the ad line Dove is No. 1 Shampoo even before http://www.financialexpress.com/news/loreal-joins-ad-war-with-hul-pg/656116/ http://dove.in/tvc_main.php Consumers will soon be able to buy Dove products through Facebook, with Unilever unveiling the new ecommerce offering shortly. Powered by Amazon, the Facebook store will first be available in the US with plans in place for a global rollout later this year. Speaking to Marketing Week, Marshall Manson, Europe Middle East and Africa managing director of digital at Unilevers PR agency Edelman, said: It makes sense to allow users to move directly from a social word-of-mouth recommendation, or from information a brand has shared, to purchase. He also said that the move makes it easier for Dove to connect social activity with business values and measure their effectiveness. The news comes just days after a study by Foresee found that consumers prefer email marketingmessages than social media interactions with retailer websites in the UK. Larry Freed, president and chief executive officer of ForeSee Results, said brands need to be aware of how their target markets are influenced by promotional emails, advertising on Facebook or word-of-mouth recommendations. http://www.dma.org.uk/news/nws-dmitem.asp?id=6391t=Dove+heads+to+Facebook+for+sales SALES PROMOTION In India loreal brought the international style by transforming the looks in the form of amenities to its customers. LOreal marked its products through hair salons in India. Today owning over 2000 saloons over 36 cities in India. In 2002, Mr. Sharma, the general manager of LOreal India Pvt Ltd, expected the sales turnover to double. So he bought the international styles to India, the Indian hair dressers will recreate the looks of customers by converting the interpreted looks in the form of services rendered to them. So nowadays, LOreal India has 2000 saloons across 36 cities. http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_LOreal_Promotional_Strategy Read more: http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_LOreal_Promotional_Strategy#ixzz1DxTF6zIi WEBSITE The LOreal website not only gives a brief introduction of it varied product features but it also gives information about the company history and also about the various product ranges for women in the market supplementing it with a little extra of for women categorising it specifically for them. Dove maintains its simplicity in its website also but to it dove also adds up a space for testimonials and various offers and promotions that Dove have, to offer at that minute. To that Dove had also added up an interactive session and video to show how dove has helped peoples hair. DIS For our analysis on distribution channel performance, we will focus on the Balkans3 region where the group detains its highest number of distributors as well as no subsidiary4 Furthermore, these countries are future new comers in the European Union and such a particular presence in this region is no doubt linked to LOreal internationalisation strategy. Distributors, in this area, buy products directly to the headquarters and are provided thanks to the Hungarian subsidiary. Performance Evaluation Several criteria, extracted from the Marketing literature5 enable to evaluate LOreal export channel performance. These criteria are divided into four main categories (see schema 1): 1. Selection of foreign intermediaries is the first criterion to examine: what has determined the choice of one distributor better than one another? Indeed, if choice is not well considered, performance tends to be altered. An ineffective foreign distributor can set you back in years; it is almost better to have no distributor than a bad one in a major market6. In the case of LOreal, the choice of a distributor comes from three options: recommendations from business contacts, prospecting or direct requests by the distributor himself. In all cases, a deep audit of the would-be distributor is undertaken7 (financial strengths, commercial force, know-how, etc. ). Obviously, the chosen distributor does not sell direct rival products nor any other cosmetics products. The distributor seems to have a great interest to cooperate to this rule otherwise they lose the opportunity to sell the famous brand. 2. Monitoring: such as reporting, control of selling places, frequency of visits and type of contract, is said to be necessary in order to reduce information asymmetry that undergoes the exporter. All types of monito

The Simple Pleasures of Life Bring Happiness Essay -- Happiness Essays

"I am determined to be cheerful and happy in whatever situation I may find myself. For I have learned that the greater part of our misery or unhappiness is determined not by our circumstance but by our disposition." -- Martha Washington "Happiness is not something ready made. It comes from your own actions." -- Dalai Lama An emotion is an intense feeling. Happiness is one of the many emotions humans experience. It may perhaps be the most important feeling a person can have and it is the one feeling everyone strives to achieve, yet strangely, for the most part, people seem to only get a glimpse of it. Pleasurable satisfaction, a state of well-being and contentment are the more outstanding elements of happiness. Happiness, known more formally as felicity, is good. A state of well-being characterized by emotions ranging from contentment to intense joy and can be applied to almost every kind of enjoyment. It can be defined and characterized in several ways- metaphorically, by life’s everyday pleasures, and by the behaviors and accomplishments of a happy person. This emotion can be metaphorically compared with expressions such as, the sun shining through the rain and the â€Å"silver lining behind the dark cloud†. These expressions capture the optimistic outlook of happiness, they symbolize hope of a bigger, better and brighter future even in the midst of what could be termed as the â€Å"darkest hour†. Happiness is the essence of life, the wind gently blowing flowers in the open field, the puppies frolicking in a pile of leaves, and is reflected in the merriment of men. It is exciting, playful, full of good cheer and lighthearted and signifies life. It brings the smiles to the faces of children one to ninety-nine. Happiness i... ...e way. Apart from success, good health and longevity are associated with happiness. The lightheartedness that accompanies happiness has been said to lower the chance of strokes and heart attacks. Laughter releases tension and add to persons overall sense of well-being. Happiness is not death, or sorrow. It is not gloom, depression or heavy-heartedness. Happiness does not lament nor does it worry. It is neither moody nor pensive, neither wanton nor pessimistic. Happiness does not mourn for what was it instead rejoices in what will be. Happiness comes through good fortune and through loving and being loved. Eating a good meal, being in good health and enjoying the comforts of life can also achieve it. The simple pleasures of life bring happiness, whether it be enjoying a favorite dessert, smelling a rose or running in the rain. O happiness! our being's end and aim!

Lost Characters in Ernest Hemingways The Sun Also Rises :: Hemingway Sun Also Rises Essays

The Lost Characters in The Sun Also Rises In the novel The Sun Also Rises, by Ernest Hemingway, the lost generation is discussed. After the WWI, many were affected in different ways. This post-war generation is described by discrimination, lack of religion, escapism and inability to act. The First character that is introduced into the novel is Cohn. He, as an outsider, is Jewish. Throughout the novel he is looked down upon in one way or another, but already he is separated from the rest which is shown when he is being described: "He had a hard, Jewish, stubborn streak" (p 18). This quote already shows that he is Jewish, and therefore different from the rest. Also, the fact that his streak is `hard [and] ...stubborn" shows that he is hard to deal with or be around. Even thought he is discriminated against, he is one of the very few that inform these people of the `lost generation' exactly how worthless they are when he says to Jake "You know what's the trouble with you? You're an expatriate. One of the worst type... Nobody that ever left their own country ever wrote anything worth printing. Not even in the newspapers" (p 120) and "Hello, you bums" (p50). He literally rubs into Jake's face what kind of a waste he has become once he left his country. It is r ather surprising that the one who is much disliked and discriminated against sees the worthless characteristics of the others. The significance of the word `bums' used must be noticed since a bum is an idle worthless person by definition. This very well describes the `lost generation.' Nevertheless, racism isn't the only separation that the people make. Even the concierge, who one would think would not be too proud, "[takes] great pride in telling me which of my guests were well brought up, which were of good family, who were sportsmen, a French word pronounced with the accent on the men. The only trouble was that people who did not fall into any of those three categories were very liable to be told there was no one home, chez Barnes" (p 60). This shows how important wealth and back ground is, but the ones who are part of the `lost generation' are not included into any of those simply because their background is forgotten, and they are all worthless people.

Political Science Answers Essay

Current world events have hindered the use of Collective Security Principle as various factors such as disease, poverty, natural calamities, terrorism, the use of biological, nuclear, and chemical weapons, and the instability of the world market. (UN, 21-55) 2) No, countries that have no experience in democracy as a form of government will not be successful in using that form of government. Democracy can only work if the constituents are capable and have experience on democracy. It’s simply as different strokes for different folks. 3) Protectionists Policies were created in order to protect, restrict, and regulate trade for a nation’s business and/or companies from foreign entities, unlawful change and risks, flooding a nation’s market with cheaper goods, etc. The use of this policy has caught consumers unawares as they do not seem to notice that the price of commodities would be higher than in other countries. Politics has reared its ugly head into this policy as it might have been confused with imposing policies on a supposedly free trade with other nations and can affect the relationship between those countries that trade with one and the other. 4) Transgovernmentalism will be able to act on all aspects and factors within a country or countries that are under an agreement of trade and commerce as globalization does. Then again the nation’s identity, ideals, and way of life may be immensely affected as there would be a gradual change of transfer of ideas, goods, and even the flow of trade. (Slaughter, Paragragh 7) 5) The bombing of Hiroshima was simply a hasty defense act done by countries that protected the free world as they saw a threat that can damage and affect the harmony and peace of all in the world’s nations.As Hiroshima was a strategic port for army depot and industrial areas. References: Anderson, S. (1997). Unclean Hand: America’s Protectionists Policies. Retrieved May 15, 2008, from http://www. freetrade. org/pubs/freetotrade/chap6. html Slaughter, Anne-Marie (October 2007). The New World Order. Retrieved May 15, 2008, from http://www. princeton. edu/~slaughtr/Articles/RealNewWorldOrderFA. txt United Nations (July 12, 2004). A more secure world: Our shared responsibility. Retrieved May 15, 2008, from www. un. org/secureworld/report2. pdf U. S. State Department. Democracy. Retrieved May 15, 2008, from http://www. state. gov/g/drl/democ/

Epitaph and Dreaming Black Boy

a) Compare the ways in which these two poems deal with the experience of oppression and racism. b) State which of the two poems you find more disturbing, and give reasons to support your answer. c) Identify and comment on TWO poetic devices used in each poem to highlight the workings of oppression or racism. â€Å"Dreaming Black Boy† and â€Å"Epitaph† are two poems which address the issues of oppression and racism. though they both deal with the same problem, it is handled and discussed differently. In † Dreaming Black Boy†, the persona, a young black boy in school, talks about his aspirations and dreams. He hopes for an end to racism. The persona tries to use his education to try to escape the harsh reality of racism. He not only mentions what is going on around him now, but also the past and even how he would like things to be in the future. He longs for acceptance, a good education, success, to travel and a break from mental slavery. He fails to grasp that despite his intelligence and physical maturity, the racist treatment will continue, thinking that what he experiences as a young boy is the worst, he has yet to find out how it is in the future. On the other hand, â€Å"Epitaph†, a significantly shorter poem, is about a black slave who was hanged, people stop what they are doing to watch the sight, yet the rest of the world continues to go on. The sugar cane continues to grow, unlike in â€Å"Dreaming Black Boy†, the persona in â€Å"Epitaph† is an adult, looking on a past occurrence and commenting on how these types of events have impacted on our lives today. â€Å"Epitaph† appears to be the most disturbing as it suggests that many of these slaves' deaths are forgotten. The idea or notion that life goes on after you die and all you are awarded is a â€Å"pause†. The images in â€Å"Epitaph† are also more graphic. In â€Å"Dreaming Black Boy†, the poet uses euphemism to down play the harsh reality of the young black boy. For example, â€Å"plotters in pajamas† is used to refer to the KKK, a group infamous for the terror they caused on the black race. The main literary device used in â€Å"Dreaming Black Boy† is allusion. The persona alludes to white supremacy groups, a famous singer etcetera, to express the things he would like to change about his reality. â€Å"Epitaph† uses the â€Å"apostrophe† to give a visual image f the black slave hanging and swinging as he is hanged. This metaphor is effective in showing also how the slave has taken on the problems of the black race as his own. And his death belongs to the blacks. It is their history. Racism and slavery are two of the most controversial and oppressive elements in human history. Though both poems differ in style and technique, both successfully describe the physical and emotional effects of racism and oppression (slavery). This success is achieved through the use of allusions, vivid images, symbolic language and even euphemism. ) Compare the ways in which these two poems deal with the experience of oppression and racism. b) State which of the two poems you find more disturbing, and give reasons to support your answer. c) Identify and comment on TWO poetic devices used in each poem to highlight the workings of oppression or racism. â€Å"Dreaming Black Boy† and â€Å"Epitaph† are two poems which address the issues of oppression and racism. though they both deal with the same problem, it is handled and discussed differently. In † Dreaming Black Boy†, the persona, a young black boy in school, talks about his aspirations and dreams. He hopes for an end to racism. The persona tries to use his education to try to escape the harsh reality of racism. He not only mentions what is going on around him now, but also the past and even how he would like things to be in the future. He longs for acceptance, a good education, success, to travel and a break from mental slavery. He fails to grasp that despite his intelligence and physical maturity, the racist treatment will continue, thinking that what he experiences as a young boy is the worst, he has yet to find out how it is in the future. On the other hand, â€Å"Epitaph†, a significantly shorter poem, is about a black slave who was hanged, people stop what they are doing to watch the sight, yet the rest of the world continues to go on. The sugar cane continues to grow, unlike in â€Å"Dreaming Black Boy†, the persona in â€Å"Epitaph† is an adult, looking on a past occurrence and commenting on how these types of events have impacted on our lives today. â€Å"Epitaph† appears to be the most disturbing as it suggests that many of these slaves' deaths are forgotten. The idea or notion that life goes on after you die and all you are awarded is a â€Å"pause†. The images in â€Å"Epitaph† are also more graphic. In â€Å"Dreaming Black Boy†, the poet uses euphemism to down play the harsh reality of the young black boy. For example, â€Å"plotters in pajamas† is used to refer to the KKK, a group infamous for the terror they caused on the black race. The main literary device used in â€Å"Dreaming Black Boy† is allusion. The persona alludes to white supremacy groups, a famous singer etcetera, to express the things he would like to change about his reality. â€Å"Epitaph† uses the â€Å"apostrophe† to give a visual image of the black slave hanging and swinging as he is hanged. This metaphor is effective in showing also how the slave has taken on the problems of the black race as his own. And his death belongs to the blacks. It is their history. Racism and slavery are two of the most controversial and oppressive elements in human history. Though both poems differ in style and technique, both successfully describe the physical and emotional effects of racism and oppression (slavery). This success is achieved through the use of allusions, vivid images, symbolic language and even euphemism.